‹   舍   › 

Saturday 25 June 2022

   

After a good eight months of research, design, and coding, often over 14-hour days, The Twelve Months of the Year in 850 Languages and Dialects has a fresh, new database. I’ve added many novel entries, hunted up thousands of translations and etymologies, brought in a whopping 70 foreign fonts, beefed up the profiles, and generously replenished its supplementary articles. Correspondingly, here’s my updated “Today’s date” page.

---

he entries still total 850, though. The newcomers displaced others whose sources weren’t up to snuff or who just didn’t seem to have as much to say. You can view the first 16 words of each language’s story below by rolling your cursor over its nameLanguage profile. Where you see a green lotus blossom () on those sections, rolling over the month termsTranslation, etymology, or characterization will reveal their characterizations. ¹ They tell us a great deal about what is or was important to their underlying cultures.

The book itself has an article in the back, Lingo Factinos I, showing samples of abjads, alphabets, abugidas, syllabaries, and logograms and outlining how they all work. Lingo Factinos II covers some ancient civilizations you don’t often hear about — in some cases, likely never — and how a weird-sounding alphabet connected to the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World recently got deciphered. You’ll also find out what traces some Japanese explorers might have left behind in the Americas, a good century and a half before Columbus.

Even the Appendix tells a few stories. But as they say (or not), a movie is not a book and a book is not a website. Once we find a less expensive way to produce that eight-by-ten, 88,000-word juggernaut physically — print-on-demand is a killer — I’ll let you know.

Then you’ll get to discover, say, what European language standard introduced in 1982 was pooh-poohed as a “test-tube baby” by its opponents. And where January is called uilal-bailiur, “when pigs go raiding gardens.” And on what month, at Malekula Island in Vanuatu, you’d better get ready to pass muster with your local Yam Master.

---

Now in case you haven’t been here for a while, heading terms below in parentheses ( ) are alternate names for a language, while those in brackets [ ] specify a particular subdivision or dialect. Curly braces { } narrow things down in cases where there are other languages with the same name. The video screen icon links ( ▭ ) visible on 394 of these entries will let you hear how they actually sound. ² Here’s Abkhazian, for example, where you get to hear Rapunzel deftly negotiate 65 consonant sounds as she sings Yanbalagwa sa sip^hst^hazaara? (When Will My Life Begin?).

Some of these languages are over 1500 years old. Regardless, they more or less followed along with the Julian calendar ³ to do as the Romans did. Examples include Etruscan, Tocharian B, Gaulish, and Pahlavi (Middle Persian). You’ll also see the Palmyrene of Queen Zenobia, who helped herself to several eastern Mediterranean provinces in the late third century when the Romans weren’t looking.

Other entries move further into the medieval. Thirteenth century Yiddish is something you don’t see every day, any more than Gothic (flourished 3rd to 10th century), medieval Georgian (shown in its archaic Asomtavruli script), 14th century Picard (with, in the book, a quote by Da Vinci-like artist Villard de Honnecourt), Pecheneg (mysterious, poorly attested, gone by 1300), Old Udi (⁠gleaned but recently through x-ray scans), or Tangut (notorious for its byzantine, quasi-Chinese writing system).

Years shown are Gregorian. For organizational clarity and consistency, the chart displays each entry in the continental order of day, month, and year even where accompanying scripts read right-to-left.

---

1. Terms that just simulate their Neo-Latin equivalents, or operate as ordinals — “first month,” “second month,” etc. — don’t need explaining.

2. Some of these don’t necessarily match the dialects, but should give you a pretty good idea. If you happen across a good quality video I can link to for one or more of these languages yourself, do email it to me using “webmaster” at this domain or through the “Contact me” link below.

3. Virtually identical to our modern 12-month Gregorian, but with a less accurate leap year system.

---

In Abaza (ABQ) it’s 1. Northwest Caucasian, 48,000 speakers in Russia and Middle East diaspora communities. Natively it uses 63 consonants... 25­ пхынхъа [pχənqa] пхынхъа [pχənqa] “Summer” x2022  ▭

In Abenaki [Western] (ABE) it’s 2. Algonquian family. As of 1991, spoken natively by fewer than 20 in Odanak, Quebec, and others... 25­ Nokkahigas Nokkahigas “Hoer” x2022

In Abkhazian (Abkhaz) (ABK) it’s 3. Northwest Caucasian, akin to Abaza, with around 100,000 speakers in Georgia's contested Abkhazia region. Its dialects... კე­ рашәара́ / რამჿარა́ [rašw⁠ará]   рашәара́ / რამჿარა́ [rašw⁠ará]  “Weeding” xცკბ  ▭

In Abui (ABZ) it’s 4. Trans-New Guinea family, spoken by 17,000 on Alor Island in eastern Indonesia, just north of East... 25­ ruwola ía ruwola ía “Chicken month” x2022  ▭

In Acehnese (ACE) it’s 5. Malayo-Polynesian, Chamic, 3.5 million speakers in Aceh Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. It traditionally used a Jawi Arabic... ٢٥­ بوليون نم / Buleuën Nam x٢٠٢٢ ▭

In Achuar-Shiwiar [Achuar Chicham] (ACU) it’s 6. From the tiny Aénts Chicham (formerly Jivaroan) family, spoken by around 7000 in Peru and Ecuador... 25­ yúmanch yúmanch “Winter” x2022

In Achuar-Shiwiar [Shiwiar Chicham] (ACU) it’s 7. T⁠he other dialect of Achuar-Shiwiar, spoken in 10 communities. Since both Achuar and Shiwiar con­sider the... 25­ tuntiak x2022 ▭

In Adele (Gidire) (ADE) it’s 8. Niger-Congo family, Kwa, geographically of the Ghana Togo Mountain languages, 37,000 speakers in Ghana and Togo... 25­ okyororo okyororo (possible rainy season reference) x2022

In Afar (Qafár Af) (AAR) it’s 9. Afroasiatic, Cushitic. Spoken in Djibouti, Eritrea, and Ethiopia by 1.5 million. Ethiopic and modified Arabic scripts... ٢٥­ قَسَ دِرِّ / Qasa Dirri x٢٠٢٢ ▭

In Aghem (Wum) (AGQ) it’s 10. Niger-Congo family, Bantu, Grassfields, 27,000 speakers (and increasing) in northwest Cameroon, informally taught in schools. Aghem... 25­ ndzɔ̱ŋɔ̱nzùghò x2022

In Aghul (Agul) (AGX) it’s 11. Northeast Caucasian, 30,000 speakers mostly in southern Dagestan. T⁠he strength with which certain consonants are articulated... 25­ вил [vil] вил [vil] “Eye” x2022  ▭

In Aguaruna (AGR) it’s 12. Aénts Chicham family, 38,000 speakers in Peru along the Marañón, Potro, Mayo, and Cahuapanas rivers. Aguaruna’s... 25­ tegmatin x2022

In Ahom (AHO) it’s 13. Kra–Dai family, language of the Ahom Kingdom of India’s Brahmaputra River Valley, presumed extinct by 1899... 𑜲𑜵­ 𑜓𑜢𑜃𑜫 𑜍𑜤𑜀𑜫  [din rok] x𑜲𑜰𑜲𑜲 ▭

In Ahtna [Central] (AHT) it’s 14. Na-Dené, Athabaskan, around 80 speakers for all dialects combined, Alaska’s Copper River. Incorporates about 100 Russian... 25­ łuk’ae na’aaye’ łuk’ae na’aaye’ “Salmon month” x2022

In Ainu (AIN) it’s 15. Aboriginal language of the Japanese archipelago, ancestry unknown, nearly extinct natively. As shown here, C is... 25 x2022 ▭

In Aja {Benin-Togo} (AJG) it’s 16. Niger-Congo, Gbe, spoken by half a million Aja in Benin and Togo. Closely related to Ewe... 25­ afo x2022

In Aka (Hruso) (HRU) it’s 17. Believed to be an isolate albeit with Sino-Tibetan features, 3000 speakers in 21 scattered and isolated... २५­ chiyo /  x२०२२

In Akan (Twi) (AKA) it’s 18. Niger-Congo Language native to Ghana and Ivory Coast, also brought to South America by slaves. Ghanaian-born... 25­ Obirade-Ayɛwohomumu x2022 ▭

In Akha [Puli/Standard] (AHK) it’s 19. Sino-Tibetan, Loloish, 600,000 speakers in Burma's Shan State, northern Laos, and northern T⁠hailand. Five level tones... ၂၅  / k’o̭ shuia̭   k’o̭ shuia̭ (month for planting, grateful for rain) x၂၀၂၂

In Alabama (Alibamu) (AKZ) it’s 20. A member of the Muskogean family, akin to Chickasaw and Choctaw (qq.v.), spoken in Texas natively... 25­ hasiholtina istahánnàali x2022

In Albanian [Gheg ] (SQI) it’s 21. Of an Indo-European language with its very own branch, the larger of its two chief dialects... 25­ qershor / قِرْشُرْ qershor / قِرْشُرْ “Cherries” x2022  ▭

In Albanian [Premodern] (SQI) it’s 22. Traditional Albanian terminology, more colorful but now largely forgotten. Albanian verb forms express mirativity, the speaker's... 25­ xhuni / جُنِ x2022

In Aleut [Atkan] (ALE) it’s 23. Eskimo-Aleut family, Aleut branch, native to the Alaskan Peninsula and the Aleutian, Commander, and Pribilof Islands... 25­ Iguuĝum tugidaa Iguuĝum tugidaa “Pulling out birds month” x2022  ▭

In Algonquin (ALQ) it’s 24. Algonquian family, closely related to (but divergent from) Ojibwe (q.v.), 1800 speakers in Quebec and Ontario... 25­ otémin gizis otémin gizis “Strawberry month” x2022

In Altai (Gorno-Altai) (ATV) it’s 25. Turkic, Siberian Turkic branch, around 50,000 speakers in Russia's Altai Republic where it’s official, converted... 25­ кичÿ изÿ ай [kičü izü ay] кичÿ изÿ ай [kičü izü ay] “Small heat month” x2022  ▭

In Aluku (???) it’s 26. A creole combining English, Dutch, African languages, and French that arose among escaped African slaves in... 25­ sigisi mun fu baka yali x2022

In Alutiiq [Kodiak] (EMS) it’s 27. An Eskimo-Aleut language, indigenous to the Alaska and Kenai Peninsulas and Kodiak Island, with around 200... 25­ Naut’staat Iraluat Naut’staat Iraluat “Plants’ moon” x2022  ▭

In Amharic (AMH) it’s 28. Afroasiatic, Semitic, 22 million, Ethiopia. “Good morning!” in Amharic is Inidemini aderachihu! with the -mini ending... ፳፭­ ሰኔ [säne] x፳፳፪ ▭

In Amis (AMI) it’s 29. Austronesian, East Formosan, spoken by an unknown number (out of a native population of 200,000) along... 25­ miheca enem x2022 ▭

In Anejom (Aneityum) (ATY) it’s 30. Malayo-Polynesian, Southern Oceanic, spoken by several hundred people on Aneityum/Anatom, Vanuatu's southernmost island. Vowel and consonant... 25­ netupni netupni “Good sugar cane” x2022

In Angami (Tenyidie) (NJM) it’s 31. Sino-Tibetan family, Angami-Pochuri, eight dialects, 130,000 speakers in India's Nagaland, listed as vul­ner­able by the United... 25­ Chāchü o krö x2022 ▭

In Anii (Basila) (BLO) it’s 32. A Niger-Congo language spoken by 49,000 in Benin and Togo. Tonal, and like many Turkic and... 25­ anɔɔɖuka kaŋɔrɔ x2022

In Ao Naga [Chungli] (NJO) it’s 33. Sino-Tibetan, Ao grouping, 130,000 speakers in Nagaland, North­east India. Chungli is considered the prestige dialect. T⁠he... 25­ jameza ita jameza ita “Month for calling on Met deity (for good harvests)” x2022

In Apache [Jicarilla] (APJ) it’s 34. Athabaskan family, New Mexico, about 500 speakers, tonal. Unusually rich sound inventory of 34 con­so­nants and... 25­ Hóniiyo x2022 ▭

In Apache [Western] (APW) it’s 35. Athabaskan family, SE Arizona, 14,000 native speakers. Western Apache’s grammar calls on its speakers to indicate... 25­ Itsáh Bizhaazh Itsáh Bizhaazh “Eaglet” x2022  ▭

In Apatani (Tani) (APT) it’s 36. Sino-Tibetan family, Western Tani, preliterate until recently, 45,000 native speakers in India's Arunachal Pradesh. Tonal, both... 25­ empii piilo empii piilo “Ear of rice month” -or- piimii piilo x2022  ▭

In Arabic [Levantine] (APC) it’s 37. Afroasiatic family, Semitic. Descended from Ancient North Arabian. Arabic loans into English and other European languages... ٢٥­ הזראן / حزيران  [χazirān] הזראן / حزيران  [χazirān] “Boar” (Classical Syriac) x٢٠٢٢  ▭

In Arabic [Libyan] (AYL) it’s 38. An alternative terminology established under Muammar Gaddafi, used between 1969 and 2011. Aside from that, Libyan... ۲۵­ الصيف  [al s̄ayf]  الصيف  [al s̄ayf]  “T⁠he summer” x۲۰۲۲  ▭

In Arabic [Moroccan] (Darija) (ARY) it’s 39. From the Maghrebi subgroup of Arabic, heavily influenced by Berber languages, French and Spanish. About two-thirds... ۲۵­ شهر ستة  [šeher setta] x۲۰۲۲ ▭

In Aragonese (Fabla) (ARG) it’s 40. Indo-European, Romance. Spoken by 25,500 in northern Aragon, endangered. Aside from some vocab­ulary, quite understandable to... 25­ chunio x2022

In Arapaho (ARP) it’s 41. Algonquian, Arapahoan branch, natively spoken by 1000, mostly living on the Wind River Reservation in Wyoming... 25­ biiceniisiis x2022 ▭

In Armenian [Premodern] (HYE) it’s 42. Armenian occupies its own branch of Indo-European. Grammatically genderless, even pronouns (“he” and “she” are both... ԻԵ­ նաւասարդ / [nawasard] նաւասարդ / [nawasard] “New Year” (from Avestan) xՍԻԲ  ▭

In Aromanian (Vlach or Žejan) (RUP) it’s 43. A non-standardized Romance language spoken by a quarter million throughout the Balkans, Greece, and Turkey. Aromanian... 25­ pomåjiću pomåjiću “Following May” -or- cirișaru “Cherries” x2022  ▭

In Arosi (AIA) it’s 44. Malayo-Polynesian, Solomonic, spoken by 6800 on Makira (San Cristobal) Island, east of Guadalcanal in the Solomons... 25­ aotarau aotarau “To party-hop” (feast time) x2022

In Arpitan (Franco-Provençal) [Lyonnais Bressan] (FRP) it’s 45. Arpitan is a group of Gallo-Romance languages heard in parts of France, western Switzerland, and north­western... 25­ jouan x2022

In Arpitan (Franco-Provençal) [Savoyard] (FRP) it’s 46. An Arpitan dialect spoken by 35,000 around the historical Duchy of Savoy in western France and... 25­ joen x2022 ▭

In Arpitan (Franco-Provençal) [Stéphenois] (FRP) it’s 47. Locally called Parlâ Gaga, the Arpitan heard around Saint-Étienne in eastern central France, birthplace of composer... 25­ juéin x2022

In Asháninka (CNI) it’s 48. Arawakan family, 35,000 speakers in heavily forested areas of Satipo Province in Perú and Acre in... 25­ yompiriiteri yompiriiteri “Bell-ringer month” x2022

In Assiniboine 1 (Nakoda) (ASB) it’s 49 a. A Siouan language spoken by 150 or so in the northern US/Canadian Plains. Like Dalecarlian (q.v.)... 25­ waȟpé uyé hą́wi waȟpé uyé hą́wi “Green leaves month” x2022

In Assiniboine 2 (Nakoda) (ASB) it’s 49 b. Alternative terminology. Ą́ba wašté né wópina wak’ú no! (“For this beautiful day, I give thanks!”) 25­ waȟpé wóšma waȟpé wóšma “T hick leaves (budding)” x2022

In Asturian (AST) it’s 50. Indo-European, Romance, northern Spain (Oviedo/Gijón area), 350,000 native speakers. Its pre-Latin substrate shows Celtic elements along... 25­ xunu x2022 ▭

In Atayal (TAY) it’s 51. Austronesian family, Formosan, Atayalic, indigenous language of northern Taiwan, 84,000 speakers. Male and female speech use... 25­ tay mtzyu’ byacing x2022

In Atikamekw (ATJ) it’s 52. Algonquian family, Cree complex, 5500 speakers in southwestern Quebec. Unlike many New World indigenous languages, Atikamekw... 25­ Otehimin Pisimw Otehimin Pisimw “Strawberries” x2022

In Atong {India/Bangladesh} (AOT) it’s 53. Unlike many Sino-Tibetan languages, this one is non-tonal. Spoken by 10,000 in Northeast India and adjacent... 25­ asalja asalja (from Āṣāḍha, “Invincible,” δ and ε Sagittarii) x2022

In Atsugewi (ATW) it’s 54. T⁠his [possibly] Hokan, Shasta–Palaihnihan language of California went extinct with the death of Medie Webster in... 25­ pEtaku niuwinas pEtaku niuwinas “Epos roots (Perideridia gairdneri) flowered” x2022

In Austro-Bavarian (BAR) it’s 55. Akin to High German but highly divergent from it, using more Latin. Rural Austria, Bavaria, and... 25­ Juni x2022 ▭

In Avar [Folk] (AVA) it’s 56. Northeast Caucasian language spoken in Dagestan and Azerbaijan. It uses either Cyrillic or Arabic script and... ٢٥­ бакъгIедулъ /  باقعېدۇڸ  [baq’g̓eduɬ] бакъгIедулъ /  باقعېدۇڸ  [baq’g̓eduɬ] “Sunny month” x٢٠٢٢  ▭

In Awa Pit (Cuaiquer) (KWI) it’s 57. Barbacoan family, seriously endangered, spoken by 13,000 on the Pacific slopes of the Andes in Colombia... 25­ ishmu x2022

In Aymara (AYM) it’s 58. South American indigenous language from the Aymaran family with only two members, the other being Jaqaru... 25­ juyphi phaxsi juyphi phaxsi -or- marat'aqa “Year end” x2022  ▭

↑ Back to alphabetic navigation   Return to the top ↑

In Bafia (KSF) it’s 59. Niger-Congo, Bantu, spoken by 60,000 in southwestern Cameroon. Mostly oral, but efforts at estab­lish­ing a written... 25­ ŋwíí akǝ táafɔk x2022

In Bagirmi (BMI) it’s 60. Nilo-Saharan family, approx. 45,000 speakers in Chad and Nigeria. T⁠his was the language of the Sultanate... 25­ Nap miika x2022

In Bagvalal (Bagulal) (KVA) it’s 61. Northeast Caucasian, seriously endangered, 1500 speakers in Dagestan's Tsumadinsky District. Features ejectives and nasalized vowels... 25­ ийу́нбос̄ӏ [iyúnboss̓] x2022

In Bahasa Banjar (BJN) it’s 62. Malayo-Polynesian, spoken by the Banjarese of South Kalimantan in Indonesia. To ask if someone speaks Banjar:... 25­ Juni x2022 ▭

In Bakweri (Kpwe or Mokpwe) (BGM) it’s 63. Niger-Congo, Bantu Zone A, 25,000 speakers living in villages along the slopes of Mt Fako in... 25­ Isofe-sofe x2022

In Balochi (Baluchi) (BAL) it’s 64. Indo-Iranic language related to Kurdish (q.v.), 7. 6 million speakers. Unusually for Iranic, it’s genderless and uses... ۲۵­ جُلكان / julkaan x۲۰۲۲ ▭

In Bambara (BAM) it’s 65. Niger-Congo, Mande, Manding, spoken by 15 million in Mali. Bitonal, many French loans, mutually intelligible... ߂߅­ ߛߎߥߍߣ ߞߊߟߐ/ zuwen kalo x߂߀߂߂ ▭

In Bamum (Shümom) (BAX) it’s 66. Niger-Congo, Eastern Grassfields, with a bit over 400,000 speakers in Cameroon and Nigeria. Its native 80-character... ꛧꛪ­ ꛝꚯ / Pime xꛧꛯꛧꛧ

In Bariai [Premodern] (BCH) it’s 67. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Ngero group, vigorously maintained, first described by outsiders in 1912. Virtually all 1400 speakers... 25­ tamaea tamaea (refers to thumbprint emperor fish Lethrinus harak) x2022  ▭

In Basaa (BAS) it’s 68. Niger-Congo, Bantu. Four tones, 230,000 speakers in Cameroon, not to be confused with Bassa (q.v.). Proverb:... 25­ hïı̀loèndáè x2022

In Bashkir (BAK) it’s 69. Turkic language spoken by 1. 2 million, primarily in Bashkortostan between the Volga and Urals. Like all... 25­ һатай / هاتاى  [ hatai] һатай / هاتاى  [ hatai] “Market month” x2022  ▭

In Basque [Biscayan] (EUS) it’s 70. Basque is that textbook language isolate spoken in and around the Pyrenees. A forebear was Aquitanian... 25­ bagil bagil “Lazy month” -or- ekain “Solstice” x2022  ▭

In Basque [Guipuzcoan] (EUS) it’s 71. T⁠his Basque can be heard in Guipuzcoa, a tiny Spanish province at the eastern extreme of... 25­ garagarril garagarril “Barley and wheat month” -or- bagil “Lazy month” x2022

In Basque [Souletin] (EUS) it’s 72. Most divergent of Basque dialects, from the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département of France. Heavily Occitan (q.v.) influences, correspondingly... 25­ ereiaro ereiaro “Sowing” -or- arramaiatza “May again” x2022  ▭

In Bassa (BSQ) it’s 73. Niger-Congo, Kru. Seven vowels with five tones each, spoken by 400,000 in Liberia and Sierra Leone... 25­ Fúɖú / 𖫓𖫪𖫰𖫞𖫪𖫰 x2022

In Batak [Toba] (BYA) it’s 74. Batak is a cluster of Malayo-Polynesian languages spoken in North Sumatra, from which 2 million speak... 25­ ᯘᯪᯇᯂᯖᯬᯞᯮ  [sipaha tolu] x2022 ▭

In Bats (Batsbi or Tsova-Tush) (BBL) it’s 75. Northeast Caucasian, Nakh branch but unintelligible with Chechen or Ingush (qq.v.). Spoken in the village of... 25­ ტიბატ [tibat] x2022 ▭

In Belarusian (BEL) it’s 76. East Slavic, closely related to Ukrainian  (q.v.). T⁠hough Belarusian is official in Belarus, only about 12%... 25­ чэрвеня / چِرْوِنَ  [červenya]  чэрвеня / چِرْوِنَ  [červenya]  “Red (as produced by insect larvae)” x2022  ▭

In Belep (Nyâlayu) (YLY) it’s 77. Malayo-Polynesian, Southern Oceanic, 1600 speakers among New Caledonia's Belep Islands. Small sound inventory, four noun classes... 25­ mwanok pwanem nua pwalaic x2022

In Bemba (Chibemba) (BEM) it’s 78. Niger-Congo family, Southern Bantu. Tonal, spoken by 4 million in Zambia, Republic of Congo, Tanzania. Nine... 25­ akapepo kakalamba akapepo kakalamba “Abundant food” x2022  ▭

In Bena (BEZ) it’s 79. Niger-Congo family, Northeast Bantu, spoken by 670,000 in south-central Tanzania. A Bena greeting for the first... 25­ pa mwedzi gwa sita x2022

In Beothuk (BUE) it’s 80. Possibly Algonquian, spoken by a reclusive indigenous Newfoundland tribe, extinct since 1829 with the death of... 25­ wasumeeweeskeek/wasumaweeskeek x2022 ▭

In Berta [Mayu] (WTI) it’s 81. Nilo-Saharan (tentatively), native to the Benishangul-Gumuz region of Sudan and Ethiopia. Of all five Berta dialects... 25­ zigí sqúllá jún x2022

In Bete [Eastern/Daloa] (BEV) it’s 82. Niger-Congo, Kru. Bété is spoken by 400,000 in the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire; this is one... 25­ napɛ ŋ́ɡ͡bʊpʊ᷄lʊ́ leyi x2022 ▭

In Beti [Ewondo] (Kolo) (EWO) it’s 83. Niger-Congo family, Southern Bantu, tonal, with half a million speakers of this dialect in Cameroon. It... 25­ ngɔn saməna x2022

In Bezhta (Kapucha) (KAP) it’s 84. Northeast Caucasian, akin to Avar (q.v.) though not mutually intelligible with it, spoken by around 6800... 25­ ййун [yyun] x2022 ▭

In Biete (Biate) (BIU) it’s 85. A Sino-Tibetan, Kuki-Chin language spoken by 30,000 in northeastern India — Meghalaya, Assam, Mizoram, Manipur, and... 25­ Idoi x2022

In Bishnupriya Manipuri (BPY) it’s 86. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indic, 120,000 native speakers in Bangladesh and Assam. Two dia­lects, Rajar Gang (“King's Village”)... २५­ জুন / jun x२०२२ ▭

In Bislama (BIS) it’s 87. English-Austronesian creole with 10,000 native and 200,000 non-native speakers, official in Vanuatu. Vocabulary is mostly English;... 25­ Jun x2022 ▭

In Blackfoot (Siksika) (BLA) it’s 88. Algonquian family, unusual pitch system, with about 5000 speakers in Montana and southern Alberta. Since Oki... 25  / ito’tsisamssootaa x2022 ▭

In Blin (Bilen) (BYN) it’s 89. Afroasiatic, Cushitic, with 91,000-120,000 speakers around Keren, Eritrea. Akin to Tigrinya (q.v.) and Tigre, uses an... ፳፭­ ምኪኤል ትጓ̅ኒሪ [michael tingwaniri] x፳፳፪

In Bonggi (Kamus Bonggi) (BDG) it’s 90. Malayo-Polynesian, North Bornean, 1400 speakers on the Banggi and Balambangan islands in Malaysia's Kudat District. 25­ buaidn onom x2022

In Breton (Armoric) (BRE) it’s 91. Indo-European, Celtic, Brythonic. Classed by UNESCO as severely endangered. Spoken in Brittany, akin to Welsh and... 25­ mis Mezheven mis Mezheven “Midsummer” x2022  ▭

In Bukhori (Judaeo-Tajik) (BHH) it’s 92. An endangered Persian ethnolect with Hebrew, Turkic, and Slavic loans spoken by 100,000 Bukharan Jews living... כה­ איִיוּן / iyun / июн xב׳כב

In Bulgar (XBO) it’s 93. Presumably Turkic, extinct since medieval times, unrelated to modern Bulgarian (which is Indo-European, South Slavic). Bulgar's... XXV­ pechen ae pechen ae “Haymaking month” xMMXXII

In Bulgarian [Eastern Rup, 19th century] (BUL) it’s 94. Like Macedonian, Serbian/Croatian, and Slovenian (qq.v.), Bulgarian is a South Slavic language. T⁠his particular dialect comes... 25­ питроске [pitroske] питроске [pitroske] “Saint Peter” x2022

In Bulgarian [Rhodope, pre-1945] (BUL) it’s 95. Another Bulgarian dialect, here from the Rhodope Mountains around Smolyan. T⁠he non-Russian vowel character Ѣ/ѣ... 25­ прѣдай [preday] прѣдай [preday] “Sharing” x2022  ▭

In Burgundian (Bourguignon-morvandiau) (???) it’s 96. Indo-European, Romance, endangered Langue d’oïl spoken in Burgundy. Not to be confused with East Germanic Burgundian... 25­ jin x2022

In Burmese (MYA) it’s 97. Sino-Tibetan. Spoken in Myanmar/Burma, tonal. Unusual sounds such as an unvoiced m and n. Script consists... ၂၅­ ဇွန် [zũ] x၂၀၂၂ ▭

In Burum (Somba-Siawari) (BMU) it’s 98. Trans-New Guinea family, Finisterre–Huon, Western Huon, spoken by 9000 in Papua New Guinea's Morobe Province on... 25­ arökahak x2022

In Burushaski (BSK) it’s 99. A language isolate spoken by 90,000 in northern Pakistan and Jammu and Kashmir in India. T⁠hree... 25­ سَرَٹَان / sarat̪aan سَرَٹَان / sarat̪aan “Cancer” x2022  ▭

In Burushaski [Wershikwar] (BSK) it’s 100. Native to the Wershegum region of the Yasin Valley, spoken by some 20,000 of the 90,000... 25­ havelum shinikus havelum shinikus “First summer (month)” x2022

In Buryat [Premodern] (BUA) it’s 101. Mongolic language akin to Mongolian and Oirat (qq.v.). Spoken in China, Mongolia, and eastern Russia. Its... 25­ зургадугаар һара / zurgadugaar ḥara x2022 ▭

↑ Back to alphabetic navigation   Return to the top ↑

In Cappadocian [Mistiot] (Cappadocian Greek) (CPG) it’s 102. A blend of Byzantine Greek and Turkish, presumed extinct by 1923 but rediscovered in June 2005... 25­ Τ’ Αη Γιαννιού [t’ aə ɣianniu] Τ’ Αη Γιαννιού [t’ aə ɣianniu] “Saint John” x2022

In Carrier (Dakelh) (CRX) it’s 103. Na-Dené family, Athabaskan. A few hundred speakers in the Yekooche First Nation in British Columbia. Carrier... 25 / Dukai Ooza Dukai Ooza “Moon of trout” x2022

In Catalan (CAT) it’s 104. Indo-European, Romance. Spoken in Catalonia, Valencia, the Balearic Islands, and the country of Andorra where it's... 25­ juny x2022 ▭

In Cayuga (CAY) it’s 105. Iroquoian family, heard on the Six Nations of the Grand River Reserve in Ontario and the... 25­ Hyá·ikneh Hyá·ikneh “Ripe fruit” x2022

In Cerma (CME) it’s 106. Niger-Congo, Gur, 63,000 speakers in Burkina Faso and Côte d’Ivoire. T⁠hree dialects: Niangoloko, Banfora, and Soubakanié... 25­ gburgburu gburgburu (refers to a type of insect) x2022

In Cham [Eastern] (CJM) it’s 107. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, 245,000 speakers in Cambodia and Vietnam, descendants of the Kingdom of Champa. Akin to... ꩒꩕­ ꨝꨤꩆ ꨘꩌ / balan nam x꩒꩐꩒꩒ ▭

In Cham [Western] (CJA) it’s 108. T⁠he other main Cham dialect, 73,000 speakers in Vietnam. Eastern and Western Cham have diverged so... ٢٥­ بلان نم / blaan năm x٢٠٢٢

In Chamorro [Premodern] (CHA) it’s 109. Malayo-Polynesian, 58,000 speakers in the Marianas, about half in the US territory of Guam. T⁠his is... 25­ Manånaf   Manånaf  “To go on all fours” (alluding to crabs) x2022  ▭

In Chamí Emberá (CMI) it’s 110. From the Chacoan family, Emberá branch, 7800 speakers. T⁠he Chamí Emberá represent about 2% of Colombia's... 25­ ‘ixawil junyo x2022

In Chang (Mochungrr) (NBC) it’s 111. Sino-Tibetan, Brahmaputran branch, 62,000 Scheduled Chang Naga tribe speakers in Nagaland, north­eastern India. Uses the Roman... 25­ Molit x2022

In Chatino [Zona Alta] (CLY) it’s 112. Zapotecan language spoken by 23,000 in southern Oaxaca, Mexico, whose tonal system ranks among the world’s... 25­ ko' junio x2022 ▭

In Chayahuita (Shawi) (CBT) it’s 113. One of only two languages of the Cahuapanan family, spoken by 14,000 in Loreto in Peru’s... 25­ sancoan yoqui sancoan yoqui “Saint John’s month” x2022

In Chechen 1 (CHE) it’s 114 a. Northeast Caucasian family, Nakh branch, related to Ingush (q.v.), 2 million speakers. It features an unusually... 25­ ۋاموگ / къамуг [q’amug] x2022 ▭

In Chechen 2 (CHE) it’s 114 b. A second alternative terminology for Chechen, inspired by the native Vainakh religion. Old Chechen saying... 25­ мангал бутт [mangal butt] мангал бутт [mangal butt] “Month of the scythe” x2022  ▭

In Chechen 3 (CHE) it’s 114 c. T⁠hird alternative terminology for Chechen, secular and based on the seasons. A Chechen saying, equi­va­lent to... 25­ мангалан бутт [mangalan butt] мангалан бутт [mangalan butt] “Month of the scythe” x2022  ▭

In Cherokee [Overhill] (CHR) it’s 115. Iroquoian family, Oklahoma. T⁠his is the Cherokee standard upon which Sequoyah based his unique script. Later... 25­ ᏅᏓ ᏕᎭᎷᏱ / Nvda Dehaluyi ᏅᏓ ᏕᎭᎷᏱ / Nvda Dehaluyi “Green corn moon” x2022  ▭

In Cherokee [Eastern] (CHR) it’s 116. T⁠he three chief dialects of Cherokee when Europeans first encountered it were Overhill, Eastern, and Lower... 25­ ᏅᏓ ᏎᎷ ᎢᏤᎢᏳᏍᏗ / Nvda Selu Itseiyusdi ᏅᏓ ᏎᎷ ᎢᏤᎢᏳᏍᏗ / Nvda Selu Itseiyusdi “Green corn moon” x2022

In Chewa (Chichewa or Nyanja) (NYA) it’s 117. Niger-Congo family, Bantoid, spoken in Malawi and Zambia. Examples from Chewa’s extensive noun class system: frogs... 25­ mwezi wa June x2022

In Cheyenne (CHY) it’s 118. Algonquian family. Four principal tones, three principal vowels (a, e, o) which in some cases can... 25­ E’nano’eeše’he E’nano’eeše’he “Planting moon” x2022  ▭

In Chickasaw (CIC) it’s 119. Muskogean family, related to Alabama and Choctaw (qqv.), some 75 speakers total in Oklahoma, USA. California-based... 25­ Chun x2022

In Chilcotin (CLC) it’s 120. Athabaskan, approx. 860 native speakers in central British Columbia, West of Williams Lake, along Highway 20... 25­ Daltsi Za Daltsi Za “Red mouth sucker month” x2022

In Chimané [Mosetén] (CAS) it’s 121. Language isolate (?) spoken by around 2000 north of La Paz, Bolivia. Same word used for... 25­ jubuj’inyatyi’ ïwaj x2022 ▭

In Chinese [Hakka] (HAK) it’s 122. Sino-Tibetan. Spoken by 50 million in Taiwan, Southeast China, and diaspora communities worldwide. Unin­tel­li­gible with Mandarin... 25 [luk5 ŋiet6] x2022 ▭

In Chinook Jargon (Wawa) (CHN) it’s 123. A trading language that thrived in the Pacific Northwest during the 19th century. Combined Native American... 25 / Shun x2022

In Chiwere (Iowa-Otoe-Missouria) (IOW) it’s 124. Western Siouan, akin to Winnebago (q.v.), natively extinct since 1996 though there are some 40 mostly... 25­ Mąnðe 'Ųnye x2022

In Choctaw (CHO) it’s 125. Muskogean, related to Alabama and Chickasaw (qq.v.). South-Central USA, 18,000 speakers. Used by Code Talkers during... 25­ Chuni x2022 ▭

In Choyo (Queyu) (QVY) it’s 126. A Sino-Tibetan, Qiangic language of Yajiang and Xinlong Counties in Sichuan with approx. 7000 speakers. Choyo... 25­ da35wa55tʂu35pa53 x2022

In Chukchansi (YOK) it’s 127. Of uncertain family, classified as Yokutsan and, by some, considered a dialect of Yokuts itself. Endemic... 25­ Hayaalataw Hayaalataw “Summertime” x2022

In Chukchi (CKT) it’s 128. Chukotko-Kamchatkan family, about 10,000 speakers in extreme eastern Siberia. Genders are animate versus inanimate, there’s vowel... 25­ кыткытйъэлгын [kytkyty″elgyn] x2022 ▭

In Chuukese (Trukese) (CHK) it’s 129. Malayo-Polynesian, Micronesian, spoken by around 50,000 ethnic Chuukese on the Chuuk Islands of the Carolines plus... 25­ Suun x2022

In Chuvash (CHV) it’s 130. Turkic, spoken by a million people in the Urals. Features “hard” versus “soft” words. Genderless, agglu­tin­ative... ­ صهرتمه / 𐱁𐰅𐰼𐱅𐰢𐰅 / çĕртме  [śɘrtme] صهرتمه / 𐱁𐰅𐰼𐱅𐰢𐰅 / çĕртме  [śɘrtme] “Fallow” x  ▭

In Cimbrian (CIM) it’s 131. A Germanic language akin to Mòcheno (q.v.) spoken by approx. 2220 in Italy's Tyrol whose grammar... 25­ sunjo sunjo -or- prachmånat “Plowing month” x2022  ▭

In Circassian (Cherkess) [Adyghe] (ADY) it’s 132. Northwest Caucasian, half a million speakers. Features 50-60 consonant sounds, mutually intelligible with the Kabardian dialect... 25­ мэкъуогъу [mǎqʷoġ°] x2022 ▭

In Circassian (Cherkess) [Kabardian] (KBD) it’s 133. T⁠he other major Circassian grouping, also called East Circassian, though still mutually intelligible with Adyghe. It... 25­ гъэмахуэпэ [ʁamāχwapa] x2022 ▭

In Coeur d’Alene (CRD) it’s 134. Salishan family, Interior, Southern. Natively spoken by two elders as of 2014, though knowledge of it... 25­ Sgwarpu’lmkhw Sgwarpu’lmkhw “Land is flowering” x2022

In Cofán (A’ingae) (CON) it’s 135. A seriously endangered language isolate spoken by 2400 Cofán people in Sucumbíos Province in north­east Ecuador... 25­ ushan'chu kûñûsite x2022

In Comanche [Eastern] (COM) it’s 136. Uto-Aztecan family, Numic; native to Texas, New Mexico, Kansas, Colorado, and Oklahoma; some two dozen speakers... 25­ Puhi mua Puhi mua “Leaf moon” x2022

In Comorian [Maore] (Shimaore) (SWB) it’s 137. Niger-Congo family, Bantu. 80,000 speakers on the French islands of Mayotte. Traditionally (and still) written in... ٢٥­ jwî / جویِ x٢٠٢٢

In Coptic (COP) it’s 138. Afroasiatic, Ptolemaic Egyptian. Extinct as vernacular, used for Coptic Orthodox liturgy. Greek-derived alphabet plus additional characters... ⲕ̄ⲉ̄­ ⲡⲁⲱⲛⲓ  /  ⲡⲁⲱⲛⲉ /  paoni ⲡⲁⲱⲛⲓ  /  ⲡⲁⲱⲛⲉ /  paoni (a valley festival pꜣ-n-jnt) xⲃ̄̄ⲕ̄ⲃ̄  ▭

In Cornish (COR) it’s 139. Celtic, Brythonic. Cornwall and Isles of Scilly, natively extinct but nowadays actively studied. In the Celtic... 25­ mys Efan mys Efan “Big /clear/open month” x2022  ▭

In Corsican (COS) it’s 140. Indo-European, Romance. Unlike Sardinian (q.v.), this language is interintelligible with Italian. An official survey concluded “86,800... 25­ ghjugnu x2022 ▭

In Cotabato Manobo [Dulangan Manobo] (MTA) it’s 141. Malayo-Polynesian, spoken by 30,000 in the Sultan Kudarat and South Cotabato Provinces of Mindinao, Philippines. T⁠he... 25­ huniyu x2022

In Cree (CRE) it’s 142. Algonquian family. Formerly creolized with French and Scottish Gaelic, related to Montagnais Innu (q.v.). Canada's Northwest... 25­ ᓴᑭᐳᑲᐏᐱᐅᐣ / Sakipukawipizun ᓴᑭᐳᑲᐏᐱᐅᐣ / Sakipukawipizun “Leaves sprout” x2022  ▭

In Creek (Muscogee or Seminole) (MUS) it’s 143. Muskogean family, tonal with nasalizations and contrastive vowel lengths, 5000 speakers in Oklahoma and Florida. Mvskoke... 25­ Kvco-hvsee Kvco-hvsee “Blackberry” x2022

In Crimean Tatar (CRH) it’s 144. Half a million speakers. Although Turkic like Tatar (q.v.), Crimean Tatar is not considered a Tatar... 25­ ilk yaz ayı ilk yaz ayı “Early spring month” -or- bozarğan ayı -or- kiraz ayı “Summer month” x2022  ▭

In Croatian [Traditional] (HRV) it’s 145. South Slavic, spoken in Croatia, Bosnia Herzegovina, and parts of Serbia. Earliest writings date from 1345... 25­ lipanj lipanj “Linden tree month” x2022

In Crow (Apsáalooke) (CRO) it’s 146. Siouan family, Western, as of 2007 spoken by 3500 in the Crow Nation in Southwest Montana... 25­ akbaláapdeaxihche annitúua akbaláapdeaxihche annitúua “When katydids sing” x2022  ▭

In Cuicatec (CUX) it’s 147. A language of the Oto-Manguean family spoken natively by 13,000 in western Oaxaca, Mexico. Tones are... 25­ ju2nio4 x2022

In Cuman (Polovetsian) (QWM) it’s 148. Turkic language spoken by Cuman-Kipchaks in eastern Europe, died with its last speaker, István Varró, on... 25­ kz ay kz ay “Summer month” x2022  ▭

In Curonian (XCU) it’s 149. Extinct Indo-European, Baltic language spoken until the 16th century in parts of modern Latvia, Lithuania, and... 25­ juni x2022

In Czech (Bohemian) (CZE) it’s 150. West Slavic, distinct from but mutually intelligible with Slovak. Czech borrows more German; Slovak, more Hungarian... 25­ červen červen “Red (as produced by insect larvae)” x2022  ▭

↑ Back to alphabetic navigation   Return to the top ↑

In Dagaare (DGA) it’s 151. Niger-Congo, Gur branch, spoken by 1.1 million Dagaaba people Ghana and Burkina Faso. Unusual consonant clusters... 25­ KyuuraayoOosobO x2022

In Dakota (Dakhota) (DAK) it’s 152. Siouan family, mutually intelligible with Lakota. Critically endangered with around 300 speakers out of a population... 25­ Waźuśtećaśawi Waźuśtećaśawi “Month strawberries are red” x2022

In Dalecarlian (Elfdalian) (OVD) it’s 153. North Germanic, endangered, originally expressed with Dalecarlian Runes. Unlike Swedish, with which it isn't mutually intelligible... 25­ ᛁᚢᚿᛁ / juni x2022 ▭

In Dalmatian (DLM) it’s 154. Extinct Romance language once spoken on the Adriatic east coast. Closest living relative is Istriot (q.v.)... 25­ giun x2022 ▭

In Dangaléat (DAA) it’s 155. Afroasiatic, East Chadic, 60,000 speakers concentrated in Migami Canton in Mongo, Chad. It features two vowel... 25­ saliiga x2022

In Danish [Premodern/Folk] (DAN) it’s 156. North Germanic. Unlike sister languages Swedish and Norwegian, Danish uses a French-style uvular r. Unusually, it... 25­ Hømåned / Hømåned Hømåned / Hømåned “Hay month” x2022

In Dan (DNJ) it’s 157. Niger-Congo family, Mande, 1.6 million speakers in Côte d’Ivoire and Liberia plus another 800 in Guinea... 25­ Ʒuɛn x2022 ▭

In Deg Xinag (ING) it’s 158. Athabaskan language, virtually extinct with only 40 remaining speakers in the area around the lower Yukon... 25­ Vinginh xiniłyagh Vinginh xiniłyagh “Month things grow” x2022

In Denaakk’e (Koyukon Athabaskan)[Central] (KOY) it’s 159. Athabaskan family language spoken by approx. 300 in eastern Central Alaska. T⁠his is one of its... 25­ Mininh hudinyaaghee Mininh hudinyaaghee “Month everything grows” x2022  ▭

In Dena’ina (Tanaina) [Outer Inlet] (TFN) it’s 160. Dena’ina is an Athabaskan language spoken by a few dozen around Alaska’s Cook Inlet. Its over... 25­ ɬuq’a ni’u ɬuq’a ni’u “Fish run time” x2022

In Dhivehi (Maldivian) (DIV) it’s 161. Indo-European, Indo-Iranic, uses its exclusive dextrosinistral (right-to-left-reading) T⁠hāna script which, unlike Arabic, always specifies vowels. Both... 25­ ޖޫން  [jūn] x2022 ▭

In Digaro Mishmi (Darang or Taraon) (MHU) it’s 162. “Possibly” Sino-Tibetan, 35,000 speakers in India's Arunachal Pradesh and China's Zayü County. Four tones, not usually... 25­ xɑ55 lo53 tɑ31 xɹo53 x2022

In Dimasa (Kachari) (DIS) it’s 163. Sino-Tibetan, Brahmaputran, akin to Kokborok and Garo (qq.v.), 137,000 speakers in India’s Nagaland and Assam. Bengali... २५­ আসরি / asari আসরি / asari (alludes to Sagitarius) x२०२२

In Ditidaht (Nitinaht or Southern Nootka) (DTD) it’s 164. Wakashan family, Vancouver Island, virtually extinct natively. Ditidaht is one of the very few languages in... 25­ qawašpaaɬ qawašpaaɬ “Salmonberry season” x2022

In Djimini (Jinmini) (DYI) it’s 165. Niger-Congo, Senufo, pridefully supported by its 96,000 speakers in Côte d’Ivoire's Debakala depart­ment and in Burkina... 25­ karimanɔyeri x2022

In Dogrib (Tłı̨chǫ Yatıì) (DGR) it’s 166. Na-Dené, Athabaskan. Native to Canada’s Northwest Territories above Great Slave Lake, 2000 speakers, partially interintelligible with... 25­ Eyègǫhsa Eyègǫhsa “Eggs being laid(?)” x2022  ▭

In Duala (DUA) it’s 167. Niger-Congo, Bantu, spoken natively by 90,000, as an acquired language by 2 million, in Cameroon. Duala... 25­ esɔpɛsɔpɛ x2022

In Dukhan (No ISO code) it’s 168. A seriously endangered Turkic amalgam related to Tuvan, Buryat, and Tofalar (qq.v.) spoken, often mixed with... 25­ şovur ay şovur ay “Young grass month” x2022

In Dupaningan Agta (DUE) it’s 169. A Malayo-Polynesian language spoken in northeastern Luzon in the Philippines by some 1400 semi-nomadic Negrito hunter-gatherers... 25­ make-annam a bulan x2022

In Duru [Dii] (DUR) it’s 170. Niger-Congo, Leko-Nimbari, Duru, 50,000 to 60,000 speakers in Cameroon. Dii Duru divides further into twelve recognized... 25­ nɛ̀ŋ̀ kààd x2022

In Dusun (Bunduliwan) (DTP) it’s 171. A Malayo-Polynesian language, standardized by the Kadazandusun Cultural Association Sabah, and spoken by 140,000 in Malaysia... 25­ Tulan Mahas Tulan Mahas “Look month” x2022

In Dutch [Old] (ODT) it’s 172. Indo-European, Germanic, 9th to 12th centuries CE. Literary examples: T⁠he Leiden Willeram, a com­men­tary on the... XXV­ ᛋᚩᛗᛖᚱᛗᚪᚪᛀᛞ / zomermaand ᛋᚩᛗᛖᚱᛗᚪᚪᛀᛞ / zomermaand “Summer Month” xMMXXII  ▭

In Dutch [West Flemish] (Vlaams) (ODT) it’s 173. Dutch dialect majority language of northern Belgium, spoken also in Hauts-de-France and Zeeland, by some 6.5... XXV­ Zomermaand Zomermaand “Summer Month” xMMXXII

In Dyula (Jula) (DYU) it’s 174. Niger-Congo, Western Mande, East Manding, spoken by 6.9 million in Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, and Mali... ߂߅­ ߘߊߣߣߌߞߊߟߏ / dannikalo ߘߊߣߣߌߞߊߟߏ / dannikalo “Month of sowing” x߂߀߂߂

In Dzongkha (Bhutanese) (DZO) it’s 175. Sino-Tibetan family, approx. 170,000 native speakers (and an additional 470,000 non-native) in Bhutan where it's the... ༢༥­ སྤྱི་ཟླ་དྲུག་པ་ [spyi.zlaw.drug.pa] x༢༠༢༢ ▭

↑ Back to alphabetic navigation   Return to the top ↑

In Edo (Bini) (BIN) it’s 176. Niger-Congo family. Spoken by 1.6 million in Nigeria’s Edo State who are largely Benin Empire des­cen­dants... 25­ uki ikpesi uki ikpesi “Yam staking month” x2022  ▭

In Embu (Kîembu) (EBU) it’s 177. Niger-Congo family, Bantu. Spoken by 320,000 in two dialects, northeast of Nairobi, Kenya. “How are you?”... 25­ Mweri wa gatantatũ x2022

In Emilian (EGL) it’s 178. A set of Gallo-Italic Romance dialects spoken in Italy (Emilia-Romagna region, Urbino, and Pesaro) and the... 25­ żógn x2022 ▭

In Emilian [Ferrarese] (EGL) it’s 179. T⁠he Emilian heard in the Italian regions of Ferrara and Veneto, which includes the city of... 25­ źugn x2022

In Enets (Entsy) [Forest] (ENF and ENH) it’s 180. Moribund Samoyedic language spoken by 70 out of 260 ethnic Enets of Krasnoyarsk Krai in central... 25­ наарэ дири [naare diri] наарэ дири [naare diri] “Month when the river floods” x2022  ▭

In English [Old] (Anglo-Saxon) (ANG) it’s 181. Indo-European, Germanic, spoken 5th to 12th centuries CE. Four noun cases; three genders; definite arti­cles were... XXV­ ᛇᚱᚱᚨ᛬ᛚᛁᚦᚨ / Ærra Līþa ᛇᚱᚱᚨ᛬ᛚᛁᚦᚨ / Ærra Līþa “Before mild (weather)” xMMXXII  ▭

In Erromangan (Sie) [Folk/Traditional] (ERG) it’s 182. Malayo-Polynesian, Southern Oceanic, spoken by 1900 on Vanuatu's Erromango Island. Hardly any natives remember these archaic... 25­ Movkimetu x2022

In Erromintxela (EMX) it’s 183. A unique blend of Basque and Kalderash Vlax Romani (qq.v.) spoken by around 1000 Pyrenees-dwelling Roma... 25­ hékaña hékaña “Solstice” x2022

In Ersu [Ganluo] (ERS) it’s 184. Sino-Tibetan, Qiangic, around 13,000 speakers in western Sichuan. Documented dialects are Eastern (to which Ganluo belongs)... 25­ əɹi55ɬɑ33 x2022

In Erzya (MYV) it’s 185. Uralic, Mordvinic, 37,000 speakers, akin to Moksha£ (q.v.). It uses the same alphabet as Russian, though... 25­ аштемков [aštemakov] x2022 ▭

In Estonian [Premodern] (EST) it’s 186. Uralic, Finnic. Features three vowel lengths, 15 noun cases. Estonian and Finnish (q.v.) are mutually intel­li­gible... 25­ jaanikuu jaanikuu “Midsummer month” x2022  ▭

In Estonian [Southern] (Seto) (VRO) it’s 187. Closer to Võro (q.v.) than standard Estonian, spoken by 12,500 in the Setomaa region (Estonia/Russia). Germanic... 25­ piimäkuu piimäkuu “Start of milking month” x2022

In Etruscan (ETT) it’s 188. Assigned to the hypothetical Tyrrhenian family, spoken on the Italian peninsula in classical times. Writ­ten right-to-left... 𐌡𐌢𐌢  x𐌠𐌠𐌢𐌢𐌌𐌌 ▭

In Even (Lamut) (EVE) it’s 189. Tungusic, akin to Evenki as shown here, 5700 speakers in eastern Siberia — Sakha, Khabarovsk, Magadan... 25­ эври чордакич [evri čordakič] эври чордакич [evri čordakič] “Down to knuckles” x2022  ▭

In Evenki (Solon) (EVN) it’s 190. Tungusic, related to Even in the previous entry but four times as many speakers. In descending... 25­ imuchun /имучун imuchun /имучун “Return” -or- muchun /мучун “Young larch needles” x2022  ▭

In Ewe (EWO) it’s 191. Niger-Congo family, tonal, spoken by 5 million in western Africa. Related to Aja and Fon (qqv.)... 25­ Masa x2022

In Extremaduran (EXT) it’s 192. A Romance language of west-central Spain. Some differences from Spanish: Infinitive verbs end in L, questions... 25­ juñu x2022 ▭

In Eyak (EYA) it’s 193. Na-Dené, Athabaskan-Eyak, native to Cordova, Alaska, near the mouth of Copper River, extinct upon the death... 25­ zhun’inahd zhun’inahd “June month” (simulating English) x2022

↑ Back to alphabetic navigation   Return to the top ↑

In Falam (Falam Chin) (CFM) it’s 194. Sino-Tibetan, Kuki-Chin, 107,000 speakers of four main dialects in Burma (Chin State) and India. Most Falams... 25­ thla ruknak x2022 ▭

In Fang (FAN) it’s 195. Niger-Congo, Southern Bantoid, one million speakers predominantly in Equatorial Guinea and Gabon, beyond that in Cameroon... 25­ ngon-samane x2022

In Finnish (FIN) it’s 196. Uralic, Finnic, 5.4 million speakers in Scandinavia and Russia. Preliterate until the 16th century, highly inflected... 25­ kesäkuu kesäkuu “Summer month” x2022  ▭

In Fon (FON) it’s 197. Niger-Congo, Gbe, related to Aja and Ewe (qq.v.). Spoken by 2.2 million in Togo and Benin... 25­ ayido sùn x2022

In Fox (Meskwaki or Sauk) 1 (SAC) it’s 198 a. Algonquian, endangered, approx. 2000 speakers distributed through Oklahoma, Kansas, Iowa, and Coahuila (Mexico). It has two... 25­ chôna x2022 ▭

In Fox (Meskwaki or Sauk) 2 (SAC) it’s 198 b. Fox as above, written with the Fox I script. T⁠his is an abugida -- halfway between... 25­ tt..n x2022

In Fox (Meskwaki or Sauk) 3 (SAC) it’s 198 c. T⁠his is Fox written with the Fox II script, a true alphabet showing consonants and vowels... 25 x2022

In Frafra (Gurenɛ) (GUR) it’s 199. Niger-Congo, Gur, Mooré, related to Mossi (q.v.), spoken by 720,000 in Ghana and Burkina Faso. Its... 25­ dõorɔ wõrga x2022

In Frankish (Old Franconian) (FRK) it’s 200. Germanic language spoken in France between the 4th and 9th centuries, evolved into Old Dutch (q.v.)... 25­ Brachmanoþ Brachmanoþ “Fallow month” x2022  ▭

In Frisian [West] (FRY) it’s 201. Indo-European, West Germanic, considered to be the closest foreign language to English. About 470,000 speakers in... 25­ simmermoanne simmermoanne “Summer month” x2022  ▭

In Frisian [West Schiermonnikoog] (FRY) it’s 202. Heard on the Island of Schiermonnikoog off northern Netherlands, seriously endangered with fewer than 100 speakers 25­ sommermond sommermond “Summer month” x2022

In Frisian [North] (Mooring or Bökingharde) (FRR) it’s 203. About 10,000 speakers in the Schleswig-Holstein region of Germany. A North Frisian birthday greeting is Fan... 25­ samermoune samermoune “summer month” x2022  ▭

In Friulian (FUR) it’s 204. Indo-European, Romance. Spoken by half a million in northeastern Italy near the Slovenian border — see... 25­ jugn x2022 ▭

In Fula (FUL) it’s 205. Niger-Congo family, western Africa, official in Senegal. Most commonly written with the Roman alphabet, less so... 𞥒𞥕­ 𞤳𞤮𞤪𞤧𞤫 / korse 𞤳𞤮𞤪𞤧𞤫 / korse “Water extraction” (allusion to miserly rain) x𞥒𞥐𞥒𞥒  ▭

In Fuliiru (Kifuliru) [Premodern] (FLR) it’s 206. Niger Congo, Great Lakes Bantu, 400,000 speakers north and west of Uvira, Kivu province, Democratic Republic... 25­ Umwezi gwa Makamuka x2022

In Fur (FVR) it’s 207. Tentatively attributed to the Nilo-Saharan family, spoken by 750,000 in South-Central Darfur in western Sudan and... 25­ Potáŋ x2022

In Futunan (FUT) it’s 208. Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by 6600 on Vanuatu's Futuna Island and in New Caledonia. Tiny Vanuatu itself... 25­ sunio x2022

In Fuyu Kyrgyz (Manchurian Kirghiz) (???) it’s 209. Turkic. Not a dialect of Kyrgyz, but instead closer to Khakas (qq.v.). Spoken by fewer than... 25­ altʰï ay x2022 ▭

↑ Back to alphabetic navigation   Return to the top ↑

In Ga (GAA) it’s 210. Niger-Congo family, Kwa division, spoken in Ghana by over 8 million. Tonal, three contrastive vowel lengths... 25­ Otukwadan x2022

In Gaelic [Irish] (Irish) (GLE) it’s 211. Indo-European, Celtic, Goidelic. Spoken as a first language along the Ireland’s western coast, widely in Newfoundland... 25­ Mí Meitheamh Mí Meitheamh “Midsummer” x2022  ▭

In Gaelic [Scottish ] (GLA) it’s 212. Like Irish, also Celtic, Goidelic. Unlike Irish, Scots hyphenates its prefixes and applies grave accents to... 25­ An t-Ogmhìos An t-Ogmhìos “New moon” x2022  ▭

In Gaelic [Scottish Archaic] (GLA) it’s 213. As Scots Gaelic above, but premodern. As shown here, an H in Goidelic script... XXV­ Mìos Meaḋanaċ an t-Saṁraiḋ Mìos Meaḋanaċ an t-Saṁraiḋ “Midsummer” xMMXXII

In Gagauz (GAG) it’s 214. Turkic, Western Oghuz, 140,000 speakers in Moldova, Ukraine, Turkey, and Russia. Gagauz's oldest texts used the... 25­ κιρεζ αγη / кирезь айы / kirez ayı x2022

In Galician (GLG) it’s 215. Ibero-Romance, diverged from Portuguese, spoken in Galicia in northern Spain, regulated by the Royal Galician Academy... 25­ xuño x2022 ▭

In Gallong (Galo) [Lare] (ADL) it’s 216. Sino-Tibetan, Tani branch, at least four dialects though likely more, 30,000 speakers. Arunachal Pradesh, northeastern India... 25­ `ilo x2022

In Gallo (ROA-GAL) it’s 217. Indo-European, Romance, Langue d’oïl. Approx. 28,000 speakers in the upper Brittany region. Gallo bears some mutual... 25­ juen x2022 ▭

In Gamilaraay (Kamilaroi) (KLD) it’s 218. Australian aboriginal language from the Pama-Nyungan family, Wiradhuric branch, native to northern New South Wales. Moribund... 25­ Garriil-gil Garriil-gil “Cold month” x2022

In Garifuna (CAB) it’s 219. Arawakan language with French and Carib loans, Central America, 170,000 speakers. Men's and women's speech differ... 25­ sisi hati x2022 ▭

In Garo (GRT) it’s 220. Sino-Tibetan family, Brahmaputran, spoken by 1.15 million in the Garo Hills of Meghalaya and in parts... २५­ বিল্সিনি দক্গিপা জা / bilsini dokgipa ja x२०२२

In Gaulish (XTG) it’s 221. Indo-European, Celtic. Pre- and post-Roman France, extinct by the 7th century CE. Modern French uses several... XXV­ samon samon “Summer” (considered the first month of the year) xMMXXII  ▭

In Gciriku (Rumanyo) (DIU) it’s 222. Niger-Congo, Bantu, 36,000 speakers along the Okavango River in Angola, Botswana, and Namibia. Most Bantu languages... 25­ Pémbona x2022

In Georgian (KAT) it’s 223. Kartvelian family, agglutinative, lacks an f sound natively. Akin to, but unintelligible with, Svan (q.v.). Each... კე­ ივნისი [iwnisi] xცკბ ▭

In Georgian [Old] (KAT) it’s 224. Georgian from around 800-1000 CE, original Asomtavruli script shown. A time-honored Georgian word is შემომეჭამა... ႩႤ­ ႧႨႡႠႧႥႤ [tibatve] ႧႨႡႠႧႥႤ [tibatve] “Mowing month” -or- ႨႥႠႬႭႡႨႱႧႥႤ [ivanobistve] “Saint John’s month” xႺႩႡ

In German [Old High] (GOH) it’s 225. Earliest attested German language, ca. 500-1050 CE. Old High German — or something close — appears... XXV­ Brāhmānōd xMMXXII ▭

In German [Early New High] (GER) it’s 226. T⁠he language shown on a 1665 calendar, at which time a written standard was well underway... XXV­ Brachmond xMMXXII

In German [Alsatian] (GSW) it’s 227. Indo-European, West Germanic. Alsace in eastern France. 900,000 speakers, all bilingual with French. Unlike High German... 25­ Jüni x2022 ▭

In German [Alsatian Folk] (GSW) it’s 228. Alsatian terms previous to, or aside from, the modern neo-Latin. Month characterizations echo those of other... 25­ Brachmond x2022

In German [Brazilian Pomeranian] (Pomerisch) (NDS) it’s 229. Not to be confused with West Slavic Pomeranian, this is a Portuguese-infused Low German dialect spoken... 25­ im Júni x2022 ▭

In German [Plautdietsch] (PDT) it’s 230. North Sea Germanic, Low German, akin to Dutch. Spoken in northern Germany, eastern areas of the... 25­ Jüni x2022 ▭

In German [Ripuarian] (Kölsch) (KSH) it’s 231. Indo-European, West Germanic, Central Franconian. Cologne area, around a million speakers. Its vari­ous subdialects can identify... 25­ Juuni x2022 ▭

In German [Walser] (WAE) it’s 232. Germanic, uppermost Swiss Alps, some 23,000 native speakers of approximately nine highly divergent sub-dialects. Poor interintelligibility... 25­ Bráčet x2022 ▭

In Gitxsan (Gitksan or Gitsenimx) (GIT) it’s 233. Tsimshianic family, British Columbia, fewer than 1000 speakers, closely related to Nisga’a (q.v.). Under­scores (g/g̱... 25­ hlox̱sa maa’y x2022

In Gondi (GON) it’s 234. Dravidian family, spoken by 3 million in central India. Gondi has used several writing systems in... 𑶢𑶥­ 𑵱𑶓𑵺𑶗𑵸𑶓 𑵰𑵺 / kondo man x𑶢𑶠𑶢𑶢 ▭

In Gothic (GOT) it’s 235. Indo-European, extinct by the 10th century though a descendant, Crimean Gothic, survived until around 1790. I-E’s... 𐌺𐌴­ 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌻𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰 [afar linþja] 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌻𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰 [afar linþja] “After mild (weather)” x𐌱𐌹𐍂𐌺𐌱  ▭

In Gourmantché (Migourmantchema) (GUX) it’s 236. Niger-Congo, Gur, spoken by 900,000 in Benin, Burkina Faso, Niger, and Togo. Its nouns use circumfixes — prefix-suffix... 25­ ciluoba x2022

In Greek [Colloquial] (ELL) it’s 237. Indo-European, Hellenic. T⁠hese more descriptive terms saw use in rural areas. T⁠he chemical element praseodymium is... ΚΕ­ Θεριστής [θeristis] Θεριστής [θeristis] “Harvester” x‘ΒΚΒ

In Greenlandic [Kalaallisut] (West Greenlandic) (KAL) it’s 238. Eskimo-Aleut, official in Greenland. T⁠hree more dialects are East (Tunumiisut), North or T⁠hule (Avanersuarmiutut), and South... 25­ juunip x2022 ▭

In Griko (Grecanic or Italiot Greek) (GRE) it’s 239. Variety of modern Greek, with which interintelligibility is described as poor, with 28,000 speakers in the... 25­ Τερο / Tero x2022 ▭

In Gros Ventre (Atsina) (ATS) it’s 240. Algonquian, Arapahoan language of the Gros Ventre people of Montana whose last native speaker was supercentenarian... 25­ bíínɔh ɂɔhúúúθitééíh bíínɔh ɂɔhúúúθitééíh “When berries are ripe” x2022

In Guahibo (Sikuani) (GUH) it’s 241. From the Guahiban family, 34,000 speakers in Colombia and in the Orinoco River area in Venezuela... 25­ perükütsijuameto perükütsijuameto “Animals flee before the flood” x2022  ▭

In Guanzhong [Dungan] (DNG) it’s 242. A Sino-Tibetan language that, unusually, uses Cyrillic script. Even more unusually, it had previously used a... 25­ люйүә / ليُيُؤ [lyuyüә] x2022 ▭

In Guaraní [Paraguayan] (GUG) it’s 243. Tupian family. T⁠his is the standard Guaraní spoken in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay. Genderless. Oldest writings... 25­ jasypoteï x2022 ▭

In Guhu-Samane (Bia or Mid-Waria) (GHS) it’s 244. An isolate related to the Binanderean family, Papua New Guinea, five dialects recognized, all of 13,000... 25­ Dzuni x2022

In Guiqiong (GQI) it’s 245. Sino-Tibetan, Qiangic. A preliterate, only recently documented language with some 6000 speakers in Sichuan and Tibet... 25­ dʐu35pu53 x2022

In Gullah (Sea Islands Creole) (GUL) it’s 246. English-based with Niger-Congo influences, principally from Sapelo Island off Georgia’s Atlantic coast. Its speakers refer to... 25­ Joon x2022 ▭

In Gungu (Lugungu) (RUB) it’s 247. A Niger-Congo, Great Lakes Bantu language with 49,000 speakers in Buliisa, Hoima, and Masindi districts in... 25­ Mweri̱ Gwakataanu x2022

In Gusii (Ekegusii or Kisii) [Premodern] (GUZ) it’s 248. Niger-Congo family, Northeast Bantu, 2.2 million speakers in western Kenya's Gusii district. Karie bike ... 25­ Ebwagi Ebwagi “Windy” x2022  ▭

In Gusilay (GSL) it’s 249. Niger-Congo, Jola branch, spoken by 15,000 in Southwest Senegal. Its speakers also use other languages such... 25­ Fútiiŋa x2022

In Gutnish (Gotlandic) (???) it’s 250. Endangered North Germanic language some assign to its own sub-branch, spoken by 2000–5000 on the islands... 25­ jäuni x2022

In Gwere (Lugwere) (GWR) it’s 251. Niger-Congo, Great Lakes Bantu, 410,000 speakers in Uganda. Contrastive vowel length — long versus short. Omukali... 25­ Gwamukaaga Gwamukaaga -or- Nairima “Serious hoeing” x2022  ▭

In Gwich’in [Fort McPherson] (GWI) it’s 252. Na-Dené family, Athabaskan. Of all dialects inclusive, 600 speakers in Alaska and northwest Canada. Analyses of... 25­ Vanan Adaghoo Vanan Adaghoo “When ducks lay eggs” x2022  ▭

↑ Back to alphabetic navigation   Return to the top ↑

In Haida (HAI) it’s 253. Language isolate native to the Haida Gwaii archipelago off the coast of British Columbia, with 14... 25­ Gáan Kungáay Gáan Kungáay “Berries ripen moon” x2022

In Haitian Creole (HAT) it’s 254. Based on 18th century French with influences from other Romance languages, English, Taíno, and African languages... 25­ jen x2022 ▭

In Hakha Chin (Lai) (CNH) it’s 255. Sino-Tibetan, Kuki-Chin, Central, spoken by 450,000 in Burma, Bangladesh, India, and in western expat communities. Mutually... ၂၅­ ဇုနေ ထ္လ / June thla x၂၀၂၂

In Harari (HAR) it’s 256. Afroasiatic, Semitic, approx. 25,000 speakers in Ethiopia. Harari has been recorded with Arabic char­ac- ters in the... 25­ سَدِّستِيخَا وَرهَي / saddistí-khá warhay x2022 ▭

In Havasupai-Hualapai (YUF) it’s 257. Yuman family, around 1500 speakers of both dialects together in northwest Arizona. About 200 Havasupai (“people... 25­ Haywaa Daawaatra Haywaa Daawaatra “Cicadas audible” x2022

In Hawaiian [Premodern] (HAW) it’s 258. Malayo-Polynesian, Marquesic, 24,000 native speakers on the Hawaiian Islands. Like Māori , Hawaiian has no sibilants... 25­ Ka’aona Ka’aona (Star) -or- Mahoemua “Castor” x2022  ▭

In Hawaiian [Premodern Maui] (HAW) it’s 259. Premodern Hawaiian terms native to the Island of Maui. Hawaiian peculiarity: T⁠he words for “mother” and... 25­ Ka’aona Ka’aona (Star) x2022

In Heiltsuk-Oowekyala [Heiltsuk] (HEI) it’s 260. Wakashan family, spoken natively by 60 people around Bella Bella and Klemtu on British Columbia's northern... 25­ miásǧṃ miásǧṃ “Fish moon” x2022

In Herero (Otjiherero) (HER) it’s 261. Niger-Congo, Bantu, spoken by around 200,000 of at least six different ethnicities in Angola, Botswana, and... 25­ Ongarano x2022 ▭

In Hidatsa (HID) it’s 262. Western Siouan, spoken by 200 in North and South Dakota and Montana. A relatively modest sound... 25­ Máacu Arurágabagi Mirísh Máacu Arurágabagi Mirísh “Moon when berries come out” x2022

In Hiligaynon (Ilongo) (HIL) it’s 263. Malayo-Polynesian, Visaya group, spoken in the Philippines. T⁠he indigenous abugida script shown, Baybayin, dates from the... ­ ᜃᜊᜌ᜔ / kabay ᜃᜊᜌ᜔ / kabay “Overalls worn to ward off cold” x  ▭

In Hmong Daw [White Miao] (MWW) it’s 264. Hmong-Mien family, native to mountainous areas in SE Asia. T⁠his Hmong language has an unvoiced m... 𞅂𞅅­ 𞄖𞄤𞄧𞄉𞄄𞄴𞄦𞄂𞄧𞄲𞄸 / Rau hlis ntuj x𞅂𞅀𞅂𞅂 ▭

In Ho (HOC) it’s 265. Austroasiatic, Munda, 1.4 million speakers in India’s Jharkhkand, Odisha, and West Bengal and in Bangladesh. Ho’s... 𑣢𑣥­ 𑢡𑣞𑣁𑣜 / Asár x𑣢𑣠𑣢𑣢 ▭

In Holikachuk (HOI) it’s 266. Athabaskan language, central Alaska, extinct. It used 37 consonants, 7 of which were ejectives. Its last... 25­ Mininh Xiniłyaxiy x2022

In Homshetsi (Hamshen or Homshetsma) (HYW) it’s 267. Archaic Armenian dialect spoken by 14,000 in Turkey, preliterate until 1995. Homshetsi is only partially interintelligible... 25­ քիյազ [kiyaz] x2022 ▭

In Hopi (HOP) it’s 268. Uto-Aztecan family, approx. 7000 native speakers in Northeast Arizona. Bitonal with four distinct dialects, identified by... 25­ Uyismuya Uyismuya “Planting moon” x2022  ▭

In Hrangkhol (Hrangkhawl) (HRA) it’s 269. T⁠his Sino-Tibetan, Kuki-Chin language is rated vulnerable with 19,000 speakers in India’s Assam, Tripura, Manipur, and... 25­ thapol x2022

In Hrê (HRE) it’s 270. Austroasiatic family, Bahnaric, Sedang-Todrah, 94,000 speakers among the Hrê/H're people of Vietnam's Binh Dinh, Gia Lai... 25­ khê tadràu x2022

In Huichol [Wixarika] (HCH) it’s 271. Uto-Aztecan language with 45,000 speakers, native to west-central Mexico. Creates long “sentence words” with prefixes and... 25­ cürüpüxi x2022 ▭

In Hungarian [Premodern secular] (OHU) it’s 272. Uralic family, closely akin to only two other surviving languages — Khanty and Mansi (qq.v.). T⁠his... 𐳼𐳼𐳻­ 𐲙𐲀𐲠𐲐𐲤𐲦𐲉𐲙 ⁝ 𐲏𐲀𐲮𐲀 / napisten hava 𐲙𐲀𐲠𐲐𐲤𐲦𐲉𐲙 ⁝ 𐲏𐲀𐲮𐲀 / napisten hava “Sun god month” x𐳿 𐳿𐳼𐳼𐳺𐳺  ▭

In Hungarian [Premodern religious] (OHU) it’s 273. Church-based Hungarian of similar antiquity. Its Old Hungarian script, székely–magyar rovásírás, saw use in remote areas... 𐳼𐳼𐳻­ 𐲥𐲉𐲙𐲦 ⁝ 𐲑𐲮𐲁𐲙 ⁝ 𐲏𐲀𐲮𐲀 / szent iván hava 𐲥𐲉𐲙𐲦 ⁝ 𐲑𐲮𐲁𐲙 ⁝ 𐲏𐲀𐲮𐲀 / szent iván hava “St John month” x𐳿 𐳿𐳼𐳼𐳺𐳺

In Hungarian [Reform Era] (HUN) it’s 274. T⁠he Hungarian language during its nationalistic fervor of 1825-1848. As you can see by examining the... 25­ nyárelő nyárelő “Summer” x2022

In Huron (Wyandot) [17th-18th centuries] (WYA) it’s 275. Iroquoian family, Five Nations, Huronian, native to Quebec. As recorded by French Jesuits from the 1650s... 25­ tichiont a8ahiari tichiont a8ahiari “Strawberry time” x2022

↑ Back to alphabetic navigation   Return to the top ↑

In Iatmül (IAN) it’s 276. Sepik family, spoken in four dialects by 8400 in the Sepik River Basin of Papua New... 25­ si’lakwa si’lakwa “Si’lakwa” (local bird that lays eggs in June) x2022

In Iban (IBA) it’s 277. Malayo-Polynesian, spoken natively by 790,000 ethnic Dyak in Malaysia's state of Sarawak, Indonesia's province of West... 25­ bulan tujuh bulan tujuh “Seventh month” -or- nebang x2022  ▭

In Icelandic [Premodern] (ISL) it’s 278. Indo-European, North Germanic, 314,000 speakers. Descended from Old Norse, its written form, if not its oral... 25­ Skerpla / Skerpla Skerpla / Skerpla “Extreme hardships” -or- Eggtíð / Eggtíð “Egg-tide” x2022  ▭

In Idu Mishmi (Chulikata) (CLK) it’s 279. Sino-Tibetan, endangered. India’s Dibang Valley District of Arunachal Pradesh, three dialects. Proverb: Imu khege mey tapumme... २५­ मवु [mawu] x२०२२ ▭

In Igbo (IBO) it’s 280. Niger-Congo, tonal, proverb-heavy, Nigeria. Origin of the word “okra.” Actor Chiwetel Ejiofor of Amistad and ... 25­ ónwa íshiìn’áfò x2022 ▭

In Ik (IKX) it’s 281. Nilo-Saharan, Kuliak branch, 7500 speakers in Uganda along Kenya’s northwest border, severely endangered. Features 4 implosive... 25­ Yɛlíyɛ́l Yɛlíyɛ́l “Fully germinated grain” -or- Nàmàƙàr “Long sunshine period” x2022

In Ingrian (Izhorian) (IZH) it’s 282. Uralic, Finnic language with only 120 speakers around Gulf of Finland. If it’s afternoon, an Ingrian... 25­ juuni x2022 ▭

In Ingush 1 (INH) it’s 283 a. Northeast Caucasian family, Nakh branch, tonal, spoken by 500,000 in the Russian republics of Chechnya and... 25­ аьтинг [äting] x2022 ▭

In Ingush 2 (INH) it’s 283 b. Alternative terminology. During World War II, fearing their distinctiveness, Stalin mercilessly banished the Ingush along with... 25­ мангал бутт [mangal butt] мангал бутт [mangal butt] “Scythe month” x2022

In Inuktitut [Modern] (IKU) it’s 284. Eskimo-Aleut family, north of Canada's tree line. T⁠here are some 35,000 speakers and, unlike the case... 25­ ᔪᓂ / Juni x2022

In Inuktitut [Nunavik] (IKU) it’s 285. A dialect of Inuktitut spoken in fourteen coastal villages of Nunavik — a semi-autonomous region occupying... 25  / Manniliuti   Manniliuti “Birds lay eggs” x2022

In Inuktitut [Qikiqtaaluk] (IKU) it’s 286. Inuktitut terminology used in the Baffin Region. Seasons lag a month from Nunavik (q.v.). “How are... 25  / Nurrait   Nurrait “Caribou starting to have babies” x2022

In Inupiaq [North Slope/Coastal] (IPK) it’s 287. Eskimo-Aleut family, extreme northwest Alaska. Including all Inupiaq dialects, there are about 2000 native speakers. Agglutinative. 25­ irniivik irniivik “When animals give birth” x2022  ▭

In Inupiaq [Malemiut] (IPK) it’s 288. Inupiaq dialect native to northwest Alaska’s Kotzebue Sound, around the towns of Deering, Kivalina, Kotzebue, and... 25­ iġñivik iġñivik “Egg laying” x2022

In Iraqw (IRK) it’s 289. Afroasiatic, Cushitic, spoken by 600,000 in Tanzania's Arusha Region. T⁠hree genders, sentences end with a verb... 25­ quua quua (refers to misty time of year) x2022  ▭

In Istriot (Rovignese) (IST) it’s 290. Closely related to extinct Dalmatian (q.v.), this Romance language is spoken by around 400 on Croatia's... 25­ zoûgno x2022 ▭

In Itelmen (ITL) it’s 291. Of Chukotko-Kamchatkan, the sole surviving Kamchatkan language, spoken by fewer than 100 in and around the... 25­ коакуач [koakuač] коакуач [koakuač] “Cuckoo month” x2022

In Iu Mien (Yao) (IUM) it’s 292. Hmong-mien family, spoken by 840,000 of a Yao subgroup Iu Mien, in China, Laos, T⁠hailand, Vietnam... 25­ luoqc hlaax x2022

In Izere [Ibor] (IZR) it’s 293. Niger-Congo family, Plateau, 50,000 to 100,000 speakers total in Nigeria’s Fobur region northeast of Abuja. Of... 25­ Kufén kùshìk kufé àfà Kufén kùshìk kufé àfà “Month of second planting season” x2022

↑ Back to alphabetic navigation   Return to the top ↑

In Japanese [Heian] (OJP) it’s 294. Old to Middle Japanese dating from the Heian Period (794-1185). T⁠his was when the language was...    [minazuki] [minazuki] “Month of no water” x    ▭

In Japhug [Kamnyu Village] (JYA) it’s 295. Sino-Tibetan, Qiangic, Rgyalgrongic, as spoken in Mbarkham County in Sichuan, China. Preliterate and, remarkably, non-tonal. To... 25­ tʂɯxpa jamar x2022

In Jaqaru (JQR) it’s 296. With Aymara (q.v.), the other member of the Aymaran family, natively spoken by 740 in the... 25­ júniyu x2022

In Jarai (JRA) it’s 297. Malayo-Polynesian language akin to Cham (q.v.), spoken in Vietnam and Cambodia and by Vietnam War refugees... 25­ blan năm x2022 ▭

In Jebero (Shiwilu) (JEB) it’s 298. Cahuapanan family, moribund, spoken by a few dozen elders. T⁠he Jeberos number around 2500 and live... 25­ Sankuan-duker Sankuan-duker “Saint John month” x2022

In Jemez (Towa) (TOW) it’s 299. From the tiny Tanoan family, spoken by 3000 exclusively in Jemez Pueblo, New Mexico. Tonal. Jemez... 25­ Saint John month x2022

In Jerba Berber (JBN) it’s 300. Afroasiatic, Berber, Zenati branch, spoken by 10,000 on the Tunisian island of Jerba — the supposed... 25­ yunyu x2022 ▭

In Jingpho (Kachin) (KAC) it’s 301. Sino-Tibetan, Brahmaputran with 900,000 speakers in Kachin State, Burma, and Yunan Province, China. Five tones, commonly... 25­ shăngan shăngan (fevers and disease) -or- lungau x2022  ▭

In Jju (Kaje or Kache) (KAJ) it’s 302. Niger-Congo, West Plateau, spoken by 300,000 Bajjus in Nigeria’s southern Kaduna state. Forms many plurals by... 25­ Hywan A̱kitat x2022

In Jola-Fonyi (DYO) it’s 303. Niger-Congo family, Central Jola group, spoken by 410,000 in Senegal and T⁠he Gambia. T⁠he 2004 Oscar-nominated... 25­ sueŋ x2022

In Jurchen (DTA) it’s 304. Extinct language from the Tungusic family which evolved into Manchu (q.v.) around the 17th century. T⁠his... 25 niŋgu biya x2022

↑ Back to alphabetic navigation   Return to the top ↑

In Kabiye (KBP) it’s 305. Niger-Congo, Gur, Grũsi. Tonal, ten noun classes, spoken by 1.2 million in Togo, Benin, and Ghana... 25­ loɖo fenaɣ x2022 ▭

In Kabuverdianu (Cape Verdean Creole) (KEA) it’s 306. Oldest surviving creole, based on 15th century Portuguese, spoken by 870,000 on the island nation of... 25­ junhu x2022 ▭

In Kabwa (Ekikabwa) (CWA) it’s 307. Niger-Congo, Northeast Bantu, 14,000 speakers in Tanzania's Mara Region adjacent to Lake Victoria. Kabwa has 23... 25­ Ndimira x2022

In Kabyle (Taqbaylit) (KAB) it’s 308. Afroasiatic, Berber, spoken in Algeria. Masculine nouns in Kabyle can be feminized, or made dimin­u­tive, by... ⵔⵔⵦ­ ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ [yunyu] xⴵⴵⵔⵔ⁠ⵏ⁠⁠ⵏ⁠ ▭

In Kaili [Ledo] (Ledo Kaili) (LEW) it’s 309. Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, native to Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Of the 13 Kaili dialects, Ledo, with 350,000 speakers... 25­ bula aono x2022

In Kainji [Piti-Atsam] (PCN) it’s 310. Niger-Congo family, Platoid, native to Nigeria's Kainji Lake region. T⁠he 60-odd Kanji languages have around a... 25­ pen achirim x2022

In Kako (Mkako) (KKJ) it’s 311. Niger-Congo family, Bantu. Spoken by around 120,000 who are mostly Batouri and Ndélélé in Cameroon, including... 25­ Nyaŋgwɛ ŋgbanja x2022

In Kalapuya (KYL) it’s 312. Tiny language family with three members, once spoken in western Oregon, extinct. Central Kalapuya's last speaker... 25­ anishnalya anishnalya “Camas ripe” -or- megwa “Summer” x2022

In Kalinga [Lubuagan] (KNB) it’s 313. Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Central Cordilleran. Kalinga is spoken by 110,000 Igorot people, 12,000 of whom speak this... 25­ kitkiti x2022 ▭

In Kamba {Kenya} (KAM) it’s 314. Niger-Congo, Bantu, spoken in Kenya and Tanzania. First recorded in audio in 1911. Not to be... 25­ Mwai wa thanthatũ x2022 ▭

In Kankanaey [Northern] (XNN) it’s 315. A Malayo-Polynesian language spoken on Luzon in the Philippines. Kankanaey has 240,000 speakers; Northern Kankanaey, 94,000... 25­ panaba x2022 ▭

In Kannada (Kanarese) (KAN) it’s 316. Dravidian family, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, 45 million speakers in India's Karnataka State and surrounding areas. It has... ೨೫­ ಜೂನ್ [jūn] x೨೦೨೨ ▭

In Kanza (Kaw) (KSK) it’s 317. A language from the Siouan family spoken by the Kaw people of Kansas, natively extinct. Its... 25­ cedóⁿga maⁿnaⁿghabe cedóⁿga maⁿnaⁿghabe “Month when buffalo rut” x2022

In Kapingamarangi (Kirinit) (KPG) it’s 318. Severely endangered Polynesian language with around 3000 speakers on the Kapingamarangi and Pohnpei Islands of Micronesia... 25­ ono malama x2022

In Kaqchikel (CAK) it’s 319. Mayan family, 450,000 speakers in Guatemala's Central Highlands. Kaqchikel intensifies adjectives by reduplication — repeating them... 25­ ruwaq ik’ x2022 ▭

In Karachay-Balkar [Pre-modern] (KRC) it’s 320. Turkic language spoken by 240,000 in the Kabardino-Balkaria region of the North Caucasus and sev­eral other... 25­ луккур никкол ай [lukkur nikkol ay] x2022 ▭

In Karakalpak (Qaraqalpaq) (KAA) it’s 321. Turkic, akin to Kazakh (q.v.), approx. 400,000 speakers in Uzbekistan. Observes vowel harmony except with Russian... 25­ саратан / ساراتان [saratan] саратан / ساراتان [saratan] “Cancer” x2022

In Karang (KZR) it’s 322. Niger-Congo, Bantu. Four dialects, 18,000 speakers in Cameroon. Adds letters Ɓ (B with hook), Ɗ (D... 25­ few rįnma ŋgur kpuh x2022

In Karbi (Mikir or Arleng) (MJW) it’s 323. Sino-Tibetan, though its position within that family remains speculative. Two main dialects, 500,000 speakers in the... 25­ vosik vosik “Sprout” x2022  ▭

In Karelian [Standard] (KRL) it’s 324. Uralic, Finnic, 36,000 speakers. Non-Karelians typically call it a Finnish (q.v.) dialect, though in fact Old... 25­ kezäkuu kezäkuu “Summer month” x2022

In Karelian [Livvi/Olonets] (OLO) it’s 325. About 30,000 speakers, mostly clustered northeast of Saint Petersburg, adjacent to the eastern shore of Lake... 25­ kezäkuudu kezäkuudu “Summer month” x2022  ▭

In Karen [S’gaw] (KAR) it’s 326. From the Sino-Tibetan family, Karen divides into three branches: S’gaw, Pwo and Pa’o. S’gaw is spoken... ၂၅ / [lah nwee] x၂၀၂၂ ▭

In Karuk (KYH) it’s 327. Language isolate native to Northwest California's Siskiyou, Humboldt, and Del Norte counties. As of 2007, a... 25­ kuyrakinívkihan x2022

In Kasena (Kasem) (XSM) it’s 328. Niger-Congo, Gur, 250,000 speakers in Ghana (where it's official) and Burkina Faso. T⁠he alphabets the two... 25­ parɩ cana parɩ cana “First weeding month” x2022

In Kaska (KKZ) it’s 329. Na-Dené, Athabaskan. Fewer than 300 native speakers in towns in the Northwest Territories, Yukon Territory, and... 25­ Géngeʼḗlī Sā Géngeʼḗlī Sā “Ducklings swim around month” x2022

In Katso (Kazhuo) (KAF) it’s 330. Sino-Tibetan, Loloish, 4000 ethnic Mongol speakers, Tonghai County in Yunnan, China. Eight tones. To help out... 25­ lv̩323jɛ33 x2022

In Kayan {Malayo-Polynesian} [Baram] (KCT) it’s 331. Malayo-Polynesian, spoken in central Borneo in two dialects of weak interintelligibility. T⁠he Bornean Kayan greeting "Have... 25­ bulan nem x2022 ▭

In Kazakh (KAZ) it’s 332. Altaic, Turkic, akin to Karakalpak (q.v.). In 2017 Kazakh president Nursultan Nazarbayev decreed a com­plete switch... 25­ маусым / mawsym маусым / mawsym “Season” -or- отамалы ай / otamaly aı “Lunar month” x2022  ▭

In Kemezung (Dumbo) (DMO) it’s 333. Niger-Congo family, Southern Bantoid, 4500 speakers in or about the villages of Dumbu and Kwei in... 25­ mbɔndu mbɔndu “Writing” x2022

In Kenyah [Lepo’ Tau] (XKL) it’s 334. Malayo-Polynesian, North Bornean, Kenyah, Highland B group. T⁠here are about a dozen Kenyah dialects spoken on... 25­ bulan nem x2022 ▭

In Keres (Keresan) (KEE/KJQ) it’s 335. Language isolate group spoken in New Mexico, tonal, with an extremely large consonant and vowel inventory... 25­ sauhua daawaatra x2022 ▭

In Ket (KET) it’s 336. Sole surviving language from the Yeniseian family, seriously endangered, 150 speakers in Siberia’s Yenisei River valley... 25­ ӄалнас ӄип [qalnas qip] x2022 ▭

In Khakas [Koybal] (KJH) it’s 337. Turkic language spoken by 43,000 (most of whom are bilingual in Russian) in the Khakassia Republic... 25­ kit’ik silkär kit’ik silkär “Small ___” x2022  ▭

In Khakas [Sagay] (KJH) it’s 338. Another dialect of Khakas. Saying: “Horses become acquainted by neighing, people by talking.” 25­ xandïx ayï xandïx ayï “Dogtooth violet month” -or- paar ayï “Lying fallow month” x2022

In Khanty (KCA) it’s 339. Uralic language related to Mansi (q.v.) and Hungarian with 12,000 speakers in Russia’s Khanty–Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets... 25­ қөйәм тыӆәс [qŏyĕm tyl̦ĕs] x2022 ▭

In Khanty [Eastern] (KCA) it’s 340. Eastern Khanty terms collected 1956-1957. T⁠hen as now, Khanty uses a single word for both blue... 25­ aiväriki aiväriki “Small constipation month” x2022

In Kharia (KHR) it’s 341. Austroasiatic family, Munda branch, about 300,000 speakers in Nepal, mainland India, and the Andaman and Nicobar... 25­ sarbuɖaʔ x2022

In Khasi (KHA) it’s 342. Austroasiatic family, Mon-Khmer, spoken by about one million in the Meghalaya state in India. Uses the... 25­ 'nái-jylliew [naːj ɟlliew] x2022 ▭

In Khmer (Cambodian) (KHM) it’s 343. Austroasiatic family, Mon-Khmer branch, heavy Sanskrit influences. Oldest inscription dates from 611 CE. Like T⁠hai, Khmer... ២៥­ មិថុនា [mĭthŏnéa] មិថុនា [mĭthŏnéa] “Couple” x២០២២  ▭

In Khoekhoe [Nàmá] (HQM) it’s 344. Khoe family, 200,000 speakers all dialects inclusive in Namibia, Batswana, South Africa. Tonal; includes 20 clicks... 25­ /hai⁠/⁠/⁠kxãsa x2022 ▭

In Khowar (Chitrali) (KHW) it’s 345. Indo-European, Indo-Iranic, 450,000 speakers mostly in Pakistan. Five dialects, month names can vary from one Chitrali... ۲۵­ يوغ / yoɣ   x۲۰۲۲

In Kiche’ (Quiché) (QUC) it’s 346. Mayan family, spoken by 2.3 million in Guatemala, 13 percent of whom are monolingual. T⁠he famous... 25­ uwaq ik’ x2022 ▭

In Kiga 1 (Rukiga) (CGG) it’s 347 a. Niger-Congo, Central Bantu. Uganda and Rwanda. Prefixes indicate the class of a noun. For example, prefix... 25­ Okwamukaaga x2022

In Kiga 2 (Rukiga) (CGG) it’s 347 b. Alternate Kiga terminology, considered “Classical.” Saying: Okukurabura akabi naba arimunywani wawe. (“He who warns you of... 25­ Kyabahezi Kyabahezi “Premature sorghum harvest (during famine)” x2022

In Kikuyu (Gikuyu) (KIK) it’s 348. Niger-Congo, Northeast Bantu, 6.6 million speakers in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. T⁠hree tones: high, low, low-rising... 25­ Mwere wa gatandatũ x2022 ▭

In Kiliwa (KLB) it’s 349. Yuman language, three pitch accents, northern Baja California. Four native speakers reported as of 2018, though... 25­ ’págu ’págu “Summer” x2022

In Kiowa (KIO) it’s 350. One of seven languages belonging to the Tanoan family, seriously endangered, 100 speakers in western Oklahoma... 25­ Ah-law tdoe tday p’aw Ah-law tdoe tday p’aw “Picking plums time” x2022

In Kiribati (Gilbertese) (GIL) it’s 351. Malayo-Polynesian, Micronesian, 120,000 speakers. Its alphabet has 13 letters. "Kiribati" is pronounced keer-i-bass, as natively this... 25­ Tuun x2022

In Koasati (Coushatta) (CKU) it’s 352. Muskogean language, tonal, spoken by 200 Coushatta people who live just north of Elton, LA and... 25­ cónka x2022

In Kodi (Kudi) (KOD) it’s 353. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, 20,000 politically isolated speakers on Sumba Island, Indonesia. In the manner of Celtic... 25­ Rena Bokolo Rena Bokolo “Large blossoms” x2022  ▭

In Koho (KPM) it’s 354. Austroasiatic, Bahnaric, twelve dialects, 200,000 speakers in Vietnam's Lâm Đồng Province. Con­trast­ive vowel length; prefix tön-... 25­ kəənhaj praw x2022

In Kokborok (Tripuri) (TRP) it’s 355. Sino-Tibetan language of India and Bangladesh, spoken by 900,000. Uses high and low tones. Its speakers... 25­ talyung x2022

In Kom (BKM) it’s 356. Niger-Congo, Northwest Cameroon. Most of its 127,000 speakers are bilingual with English. Although Kom is tri-tonal... 25­ njoñ ïìtem njoñ ïìtem (month of clearing) x2022

In Komi (Komi-Ziryan) (KPV) it’s 357. Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Permic, akin to Udmurt (q.v.). Spoken by 160,000 in Russia’s Komi Republic. T⁠he Old... 25­ 𐍛𐍞𐍓𐍓𐍗𐍐 - 𐍝𐍞𐍨𐍴𐍵 / лӧддза-номъя [löddza-noma] x2022 ▭

In Komo {Nilo-Saharan} (XOM) it’s 358. Nilo-Saharan (possibly), Koman; 10,000 speakers in Sudan, 8500 in Ethiopia. T⁠hree tones, uses ejective and implosive... 25­ pay kkosh kkolo x2022

In Kongo (KON) it’s 359. Niger-Congo, Bantu, spoken by over six million in Angola and both Congos. T⁠he words “zombie” and... 25­ sánza ya motóba x2022

In Konso (KXC) it’s 360. Afroasiatic, Cushitic, spoken by 240,000 south of Lake Chamo in Ethiopia. Serves as a lingua franca... 25­ tela x2022 ▭

In Korku (KFQ) it’s 361. Austroasiatic, Munda. 727,133 speakers in rural central and eastern India. Rapidly losing ground to Hindi, UNESCO... 25­ rando bhave x2022

In Kosraean (Kusaiean) (KOS) it’s 362. Malayo-Polynesian, Micronesian, spoken by 8000 on Kosrae of the Caroline Islands (where it's the official language)... 25­ sun x2022

In Koyra Chiini (Western Songhay) (KHQ) it’s 363. Nilo-Saharan, Songhay, 200,000 speakers in a narrow southwest-to-northeast band taking in Timbuktu, Mali. Differing from most... 25­ žuweŋ x2022

In Kpelle (KPE) it’s 364. Niger-Congo, Western Mande, 1.3 million speakers total in Guinea and Liberia. T⁠hree dialects, three tones. When... 25­ Niɣe-liɣɛi x2022 ▭

In Kposo (Ikposo) (KPO) it’s 365. Niger-Congo, Kwa, 160,000 speakers in Togo and Ghana. Consonant clusters kp and gb frequently occur, along... 25­ inaglo inaglo “Empty granary, Mother” (lean times now) x2022

In Ksingmul (PUO) it’s 366. Austroasiatic, Mon-Khmer, spoken by 27,000 ethnic Ksingmul (Xinh Mul in Vietnamese) in Sơn La and... 25­ bluən hok x2022

In Kumyk (KUM) it’s 367. Turkic language, related to Karachay-Balkar (q.v.), spoken by approx. 400,000 in Dagestan. Influenced by Northeast Caucasian... 25­ къыржан / قِرْژَن    [qırzhan] x2022 ▭

In Kumzari (ZUM) it’s 368. Indo-European, Indo-Iranic, preliterate, spoken by 4000-5000 on northern Oman’s Musandam Peninsula on the Strait of Hormuz... ۲۵­ ما شش / mā šaš x۲۰۲۲

In Kuna (Cuna or Guna) (CUK) it’s 369. Chibchan family, spoken by 60,000 Kuna people of Panama's San Blas Islands and the northern coast... 25­ masarnii masarnii “White flowered cane month” x2022

In Kurdish [Kurmanji/North] (KMR) it’s 370. Indo-European family, Indo-Iranic. Of the 25 million in the Middle East for all dialects inclusive, 75%... 25­ ẖezîran ẖezîran “Boar” (Syriac) x2022  ▭

In Kurdish [Kurmanji/North/Yazidi] (KMR) it’s 371. While Kurdish Gregorian month terminology follows no particular standard, this is a version typically associated with... 25  / hezîran x2022

In Kurdish [Sorani/South] (CKB) it’s 372. T⁠he Kurdish dialect second in number of speakers to Kurmanji. Sorani uses a modified Arabic script... ۲۵­ حوزهيران / ḥuzayrân x۲۰۲۲ ▭

In Kusasi (Kusaal) [Western or Mowed] (KUS) it’s 373. Niger-Congo, Gur, 17,000 speakers in Burkina Faso. Tonal. T⁠here's also an Eastern dialect, spoken in neighboring... 25­ sigit wãrk sigit wãrk “Winter month” x2022

In Kutenai (Ktunaxa) (KUT) it’s 374. Language isolate spoken by 100 in British Columbia, Montana, and Idaho. No distinction between voiced versus... 25­ kuq’ukupku kuq’ukupku (“Ripening of strawberries”) x2022

In Kuu-Kizhi (???) it’s 375. Turkic, Central Turkic, Northern Altai Proper. Around 2000 speakers in Russia's Altai Republic along the Lebed’... 25­ тьыду ай [t̓ïdu ay] x2022

In Kven (FKV) it’s 376. A seriously endangered Finnic language spoken by a few thousand mostly in the communities of Storfjord... 25­ juunikuu x2022 ▭

In Kwamera (Ni̵fe) (TNK) it’s 377. Malayo-Polynesian, Southern Melanesian, spoken by 2000 or so within sight of Yasur Volcano on Tanna, Vanuatu... 25­ Pakerpaker x2022

In Kwangali (KWN) it’s 378. Niger-Congo family, Bantu, spoken by 84,000 in the Okavango River area of Namibia and Angola. Unusually... 25­ Pembagona x2022

In Kyrgyz (KIR) it’s 379. Turkic, Kipchak, spoken by 4 million in Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and China. First written with Old... 25­ кулжа / kulca / قۉلتسا x2022 ▭

↑ Back to alphabetic navigation   Return to the top ↑

In Lach (???) it’s 380. Either a dialect of Czech, Polish, or Silesian — depending on whom you’d rather please. Óndra... 25­ červjec červjec (refers to a red cochineal-like insect) x2022

In Ladakhi (Bhoti or Balti) (LBJ) it’s 381. Sino-Tibetan language spoken by around 130,000 in India, Nepal, China, and Pakistan. Ladakhi and Tibetan are... 25­ dawa tuk pa x2022 ▭

In Ladin [Badiotto] (LLD) it’s 382. Ladin (pronounced la-deen), not to be confused with Ladino, is a Romance language related to Romansh... 25­ jügn x2022

In Ladin [Cadorean] (LLD) it’s 383. T⁠he Ladin dialect heard in Cadore in the Italian province of Belluno bordering on Austria. While... 25­ iunio x2022

In Ladin [Fassa Valley] (LLD) it’s 384. Another Ladin dialect, spoken in the Italian Alpine province of Trentino. Singer Martina Iori, winner of... 25­ jugn x2022 ▭

In Ladin [Gardenese] (LLD) it’s 385. A fourth Ladin dialect, 8000 speakers in Val Gardena. Kurat Josef Anton Vian published the first... 25­ juni x2022 ▭

In Ladin [Nones] (LLD) it’s 386. A fifth Ladin dialect, spoken in the Non Valley. Whether Nones should be considered a dialect... 25­ zugn x2022

In Ladino (Judaeo-Spanish or Judezmo) (LAD) it’s 387. Medieval Spanish substrate with Hebrew, Arabic, and Turkish loans. Spoken by perhaps 50,000 Sephardic Jews worldwide... כה­ جُنِيُ /  גוינוי / djunio xב׳כב ▭

In Lahu (LHU) it’s 388. Sino-Tibetan family, Loloish, 600,000 speakers in China, T⁠hailand, Burma, and Laos. Used also as a lingua... 25­ jōnē x2022

In Lak (LBE) it’s 389. Northeast Caucasian, spoken by approx. 160,000 in southern Dagestan, enriched by loans from Russian, Turkish, Arabic... 25­ ریَخخِلچِنمُر بَرز / ряххилчинмур барз [ryaχχilčinmur barz] x2022

In Lakota (LKT) it’s 390. Siouan-Catawban family, spoken by approx. 6000 in the US Dakotas. Heard in the 1990 movie Dances... 25­ Wipazutkan Wi Wipazutkan Wi “Moon of June berries” x2022  ▭

In Lama (LAS) it’s 391. Niger-Congo, Gur, Gurunsi, 260,000 speakers in Benin and Togo in three dialects. T⁠hree tones also: high... 25­ namʋka honɖɔ namʋka honɖɔ “Good month for rice culture” x2022

In Lao [Standard] (LAO) it’s 392. Kra–Dai family, Tai, 30 million speakers in Laos, T⁠hailand, and Cambodia. Contrastive vowel length, 6 tones... ໒໕­ ເດືອນມິຖຸນາ [deuan meetuna] ເດືອນມິຖຸນາ [deuan meetuna] “A Pair” (Gemini) x໒໐໒໒  ▭

In Lao [Isan] (TTS) it’s 393. A group of Lao dialects spoken in Northeast T⁠hailand by ethnic Isans. You say to-maaa-to: As... ๒๕­ มิถุนาย๊น [mithunayon] x๒๐๒๒ ▭

In Latgalian (LTG) it’s 394. Indo-European, Baltic, 150,000 speakers primarily in Latgale in eastern Latvia. Akin to Lithuanian, Samogitian (qq.v.), and... 25­ vosorys mieness vosorys mieness “Summer month” x2022

In Laz (Lazuri) (LZZ) it’s 395. Kartvelian family, spoken in five major dialects by approx. 22,000 on the southeast shore of the... კე­ მბულო რა [mbulora] xცკბ ▭

In Lenape (Delaware) (DEL) it’s 396. Algonquian, native to the lower Delaware and Hudson Rivers and northern New Jersey in the US... 25­ Kichinipën Kichinipën “Summer” x2022

In Leonese (AST) it’s 397. Endangered Romance language, considered by many a dialect of an Asturian-Leonese continuüm, undergoing revival in Northwest... 25­ xunu x2022 ▭

In Lepcha (LEP) it’s 398. Sino-Tibetan, Himalayish, non-tonal, unique Brahmic syllabary script, called rong, dating from the 1600s. India's Sikkim and... ᱂᱅­ ᰔᰨᰰᰃ ᰜᰟᰨ [bloong lavo] x᱂᱀᱂᱂ ▭

In Lezgian (LEZ) it’s 399. Northeast Caucasian, uses 54 consonant sounds, numerals 20 to 99 are expressed vigesimally (by 20s). Official... 25­ къамуг / ڠآماۊگ  [qamug] x2022 ▭

In Lezgian [Premodern] (LEZ) it’s 400. Conjectured Lezgian terminology of old. Back then or just as much even now, Lezgians may greet... 25­ кьамуг [k ̓amug] x2022

In Lhao Vo (Lhaovo or Langsu or Maru) (MHX) it’s 401. Sino-Tibetan, Loloish, 100,000 speakers. Heard in Luxi City, Lianghe and Longchuan Counties in China, and eastern... 25­ lɔ̱55 khjauk55 khjɛʔ55 x2022

In Ligurian [Genoese] (LIJ) it’s 402. Indo-European, Romance, northern Italy, endangered. Its written standards are administered by the Genoese Académia Ligùstica do... 25­ zûgnu x2022 ▭

In Ligurian [Monégasque] (LIJ) it’s 403. Ligurian dialect spoken by 8500 in Monaco including its royal family. Employs the non-Italian ü (as... 25­ giugnu x2022 ▭

In Limburgish (LIM) it’s 404. Germanic, East Low Franconian, Limburg (in both T⁠he Netherlands and Belgium) & Rhineland areas. Unlike many... 25­ juni x2022 ▭

In Limbu (LIF) it’s 405. Sino-Tibetan, akin to Lepcha (q.v.) and Tibetan, with 380,000 native speakers of four dialects in Sikkim... ᥈᥋­ ᤌᤰᤔᤣᤐ᤻ᤐᤠ [thakmeppa] x᥈᥆᥈᥈

In Lingala (LIN) it’s 406. Niger-Congo, Bantu, tonal. Spoken by 15 million in both Congos. Lingala signifies noun classes with prefixes... 25­ sánzá ya motóbá x2022

In Lingarak (Neverver) (LGK) it’s 407. Malayo-Polynesian, Malekula subgroup, spoken by 500 central Malekula Island natives in Vanuatu. Clearly a yam-centered frame... 25­ Nekkanbor Nekkanbor “Unseasoned eating (of yams)” x2022

In Lisu [Northern] (LIS) it’s 408. Sino-Tibetan, Loloish, related to similarly named Lahu (q.v.). T⁠here are 940,000 speakers for all dialects of... 25­ qorhan x2022 ▭

In Lisu [Southern] (LIS) it’s 409. Another Lisu dialect, "Yellow Lo," spoken in southwestern Yunnan, Burma’s Shan State, and T⁠hailand. Uses unusual... 25­ ꓛꓳꓽ ꓦ,  / tʃ h⁠ò hǎ [tʃ h⁠o21 ha35⁠] x2022

In Lithuanian (LIT) it’s 410. Indo-European, Baltic, 3 million speakers. Unusually, its alphabet places Y after Į. Earliest writings date from... 25­ birželio birželio “Birch” x2022  ▭

In Livonian (LIV) it’s 411. Uralic, akin to Finnish and Estonian (qq.v.). Its last native speaker was Grizelda Kristina (1910–2013); but... 25­ jónpävakú jónpävakú “Midsummer day month” x2022  ▭

In Lombard [Eastern] (LMO) it’s 412. Romance, spoken in northern Italy around Bergamo, Brescia, Mantua, Crema, and Trentino. Lombard and its dialects... 25­ giügn x2022 ▭

In Lombard [Eastern Bergamasque] (LMO) it’s 413. A subdivision of Eastern Lombard spoken by 700,000. One non-Italian feature of Lombard is its vowel... 25­ jögn x2022 ▭

In Lombard [Western] (Insubric) (LMO) it’s 414. T⁠he Lombard spoken in southern Switzerland and northern Italy around Milan. A slang version of Insubric... 25­ giügn x2022 ▭

In Lorrain [Vosgien La Bresse] (???) it’s 415. Romance, Langue d’oïl, Lorraine subgroup. Lorraine's dialects are spoken in France in Vosges, Saint Quirin, eastern... 25­ djuin x2022 ▭

In Lorrain [Vosgien Ville sur Illon] (???) it’s 416. Another Vosgien variety, one specifically heard in Ville-sur-Illon, a commune in the Vosges department in Grand... 25­ jin x2022

In Lotha (NJH) it’s 417. A Sino-Tibetan, Central Naga language spoken by 180,000 in Nagaland’s Wokha region in eastern India. Like... 25­ eden x2022

In Louisiana Creole (LOU) it’s 418. French-derived, African plus Native American elements. Unlike French, verbs don’t conjugate. Not to be confused with... 25­ jwin x2022 ▭

In Lower Tanana (Minto) (TAA) it’s 419. Endangered Athabaskan language with a dozen or so speakers. Exclusive to Minto, Alaska, that takes its... 25­ benenh ch'edegoyi benenh ch'edegoyi “Month of bearing young” x2022

In Loxrlavu [Yao’an] (Lolopo) (YCL) it’s 420. Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi. Spoken by 570,000 Loxrlapor in China's Chuxiong Prefecture and Xiangyun County, Midian... 25­ 𖼡𖽨𖼧𖼖𖼧𖽨  /  qiu66xlxiu33 x2022

In Lozi (LOZ) it’s 421. Niger-Congo family, Bantu, spoken in Zambia, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Botswana, and South Africa. It arose as a... 25­ Mbuwana x2022

In Luba-Kasai (Ciluba or Western Luba) (LUA) it’s 422. Niger-Congo family, Bantu, spoken by 6.3 million in the Katanga Province of the Democratic Republic of... 25­ ngondo muisambombo x2022

In Luba-Katanga (LUB) it’s 423. Niger-Congo family, Bantu, spoken by 1.5 million in T⁠he Democratic Republic of the Congo’s the Katanga... 25­ Lufuimi x2022

In Ludic (LUD) it’s 424. Uralic, Finnic, critically endangered, heard around the northeastern shore of Lake Onega, Republic of Karelia, Russia... 25­ kezakuu kezakuu “Summer month” x2022  ▭

In Luganda (Ganda) (LUG) it’s 425. Niger-Congo, Northeast Bantu, 4 million speakers mostly in the Baganda area of Uganda, tonal (high, low... 25­ ssebaseka x2022 ▭

In Lugbara (LGG) it’s 426. Nilo-Saharan family, Uganda’s west Nile region and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. First written in... 25­ Emveki x2022

In Luo [Acholi] (ACH) it’s 427. Nilo-Saharan family, Luo, Southern, spoken by 2.1 million in Uganda and South Sudan. T⁠he Luo dia­lects... 25­ Dwe me abicel x2022 ▭

In Luo [Dholuo] (LUO) it’s 428. Southern Luo dialect with 4.2 million speakers in Kenya and Tanzania. Sinistrodextral (left-to-right-reading) Luo Lakeside script... 25 / Dumabicel x2022 ▭

In Luo [Lango] (LAJ) it’s 429. Southern Luo dialect with 2.6 million speakers, Uganda. All Lango numerals under 20 begin with A;... 25­ Kwiidwaata x2022

In Luo [Shilluk-Cøllø] (SHK) it’s 430. Northern Luo dialect spoken by 175,000 Shilluk people in Sudan and South Sudan. T⁠hree tones (low... 25­ Bildwøng Bildwøng “Heavy soaking” x2022

In Luxembourgish [Traditional] (LTZ) it’s 431. Indo-European, Germanic, significant French influences — its term for "Goodbye" is Äddi — 390,000 speakers. "Moselle... 25­ Broochmount Broochmount “Fallow land month” x2022  ▭

↑ Back to alphabetic navigation   Return to the top ↑

In Maa [Maasai] (MAS) it’s 432. Nilo-Saharan family (possibly), spoken in Kenya & Tanzania by 1.3 million. Highly tonal and features implosive... 25­ kújúòròk x2022 ▭

In Maa [Samburu] (SAQ) it’s 433. Maa dialect of the northern Kenya highlands, 240,000 speakers. Maasai and Samburu are primarily oral and... 25­ Lapa le ile x2022

In Macedonian {Hellenic} (XMK) it’s 434. Indo-European, Hellenic, unrelated to Slavic Macedonian in the next entry. T⁠his was the language of Alexander...   ­ ΠΑΝΗΜΟΣ [panemos] x

In Macedonian {Slavic}[Archaic/Folk] (MKD) it’s 435. Indo-European, South Slavic, unrelated to Hellenic Macedonian above, 1.4–3.5 million speakers in the Balkans. Lacks the... 25­ жетвар [žitar] жетвар [žitar] “Grain” x2022  ▭

In Mada [Rija] (MDA) it’s 436. Niger-Congo, Plateau, Ninzic, spoken by over 100,000 (all dialects) in Nigeria's Plateau and Kaduna States. Tonal... 25­ hwə yə̄ tānnɛn x2022

In Maguindanao [Pre-Spanish Conquest] (MDH) it’s 437. Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by 1.1 million descendants of the Sultanate of Maguindanao on Southwest Mindanao in... 25­ يللن / ilalen يللن / ilalen (when the Pleiades appear) x2022  ▭

In Makalero (MJB) it’s 438. From the Trans-New Guinea family, spoken by 8000 in East Timor’s extreme eastern tip. Makalero speakers... 25­ uata-hasa uata-hasa “When coconut leaves fall” x2022

In Makassarese [Traditional, before 1605] (MAK) it’s 439. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, 2.1 million speakers in Indonesia’s South Sulawesi province. T⁠he antimacassar doily that protects chairs...  / bulang Pe’dawaranai x

In Makhuwa-Meetto (MGH) it’s 440. Niger-Congo, Bantu, spoken by 6.6 million Makua in Malawi, Mozambique, and Tanzania. Few vowels but a... 25­ Mweri wo thanu na mocha x2022

In Makonde (Kimakonde) (KDE) it’s 441. Niger-Congo, Bantu, Ruvuma, 1.4 million speakers in Kenya, Malawi, and Tanzania. Kenga sombo sako ni nyundo... 25­ Mwedi wa Nnyano na Umo x2022

In Malagasy [Standard] (MLG) it’s 442. In all dialects inclusive, spoken by 25 million in Madagascar but — surprise! — it's Malayo-Polynesian... 25­ Jiona x2022 ▭

In Malagasy [Antankaraña] (XMV) it’s 443. Dialect spoken by 156,000 ethnic Antankaraña in the north. Malagasy's demonstrative pronouns specify seven distance qualities... 25­ Lo-Tsoa x2022

In Malagasy [Sakalava] (SKG) it’s 444. Dialect spoken by 1.2 million ethnic Sakalava in northern Madagascar. Malagasy has its own endemic script... ٢٥­ Vema Hifitry  / وِمَ هِفِرِّ x٢٠٢٢

In Malagasy [Tandroy-Mahafaly] (TDX) it’s 445. Dialect spoken by 1.3 million ethnic Tandroy and Mahafaly in southwestern Madagascar. T⁠hese south­ern dialects diverge... 25­ Jona x2022 ▭

In Malecite-Passamaquoddy (PQM) it’s 446. Algonquian family, Eastern, endangered, spoken by several hundred in New Brunswick and Maine. It has twelve... 25­ pili-kisuhs pili-kisuhs “Fresh moon” -or- niponi-kisuhs “Summer moon” x2022

In Maltese (MLT) it’s 447. Afroasiatic family, descends from an extinct variety of Arabic that developed on Sicily, spoken on Malta... 25­ Ġunju x2022 ▭

In Manchu (MNC) it’s 448. Southern Tungusic, Manchu group. Spoken natively by fewer than 20 people in Northeast China, but also... 25 [niŋgun biya] x2022 ▭

In Mandinka (Mandingo) [Traditional] (MNK) it’s 449. Niger-Congo family, Mande branch. Bitonal. Mandinka officially uses the Roman alphabet, but its 17-character Arabic-derived script... 25­ أَرَجَبَا كُنٌكُ / arajaba konongo x2022

In Mang (ZNG) it’s 450. Austroasiatic family, 3200 speakers in Lai Châu Province, Vietnam, and neighboring areas in China. T⁠he outside... 25­ meː6 ʑɔm2 x2022

In Mangarevan (MRV) it’s 451. Malayo-Polynesian, spoken by 600 in French Polynesia's Mangareva and Gambier Islands. T⁠hough many speakers are bilingual... 25­ pipiri x2022

In Mangbai (ZNG) it’s 452. Niger-Congo, Mbum, Tupuri–Mambai, 14,000 speakers in Cameroon (Bénoué) and Chad (Lac-Léré). First studied academically in 1971... 25­ fee kulo fee kulo “Land clearing month” x2022

In Mankanya (Uhula) (KNF) it’s 453. Niger-Congo family, Bak branch, spoken natively by 75,000 in Guinea-Bissau, T⁠he Gambia, and in and around... 25­ Pli pwajënţën pi pubël x2022

In Mansi (MNS) it’s 454. Uralic, related to Hungarian and Khanty (qq.v.), 3000 speakers in central Siberia. Mansi tradition con­siders bears... 25­ лупта этпос [lupta etpos] лупта этпос [lupta etpos] “New greenery month” x2022  ▭

In Manx (GLV) it’s 455. Indo-European, Celtic, Goidelic, Isle of Man, natively extinct since 1974. Like all Celtic languages, its nouns... 25­ Mean Souree Mean Souree “Middle of summer” x2022  ▭

In Maori [New Zealand] (MRI) it’s 456. Malayo-Polynesian, closely related to Tahitian. Personal pronouns come in singular, dual, and plural. Long vowels are... 25­ Pipiri Pipiri (refers to Hamal and Sharatan in the constellation of Aries) x2022  ▭

In Maori [Cook Islands] (Rarotongan) (MRI) it’s 457. T⁠his is the Māori dialect official in the Cook Islands with approx. 14,000 speakers there and... 25­ Tiūnu x2022 ▭

In Maori [Moriori] (MRI) it’s 458. Māori dialect of the Chatham Islands, east of New Zealand's South Island. In 1835, two waves... 25­ Morero x2022 ▭

In Mapudungun (Mapuche) (ARN) it’s 459. Language isolate native to Chile (Araucanía) and Argentina, 260,000 speakers. Mapuches as a whole make up... 25­ thor-cújen thor-cújen “Foam month” x2022  ▭

In Mari [Meadow or Eastern] (Cheremis) (MHR) it’s 460. Uralic language spoken in Russia’s Mari Republic by 470,000. Nine noun cases. T⁠he other chief dialect... 25­ пеледыш [peledǝš] пеледыш [peledǝš] “Flowers” x2022  ▭

In Marshallese (MAH) it’s 461. Malayo-Polynesian, two chief dialects, spoken by 44,000 on the Marshall Islands. It sports an unusually complex... 25­ Juun x2022

In Masurian [Premodern] (???) it’s 462. Indo-European, West Slavic, between 5,000 and 15,000 speakers in northeastern Poland and Germany. As Masurian is... 25­ Cerziec / Cérziec Cerziec / Cérziec “Red” x2022

In Matlatzinca (MAT) it’s 463. From the Oto-Manguean family, spoken by 650 in and around San Francisco Oxtotilpa, Mexico. Matlatzinca is... 25­ ratonbë x2022 ▭

In Mavea (MLV) it’s 464. Malayo-Polynesian, Southern Oceanic, spoken by perhaps two dozen on Vanuatu's Mafea Island. It’s moribund, rapidly yielding... 25­ sarako sarako “Blow” (refers to windy month) x2022

In Maxakalí (MBL) it’s 465. Macro-Gê family, spoken by a few hundred in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Maxakalí coins terms by combining... 25­ yoîy x2022

In Mazanderani (Tabäri) (MZN) it’s 466. Indo-European, Western Iranic, spoken by 3 million in Iran’s southern Caspian coast provinces. Of its renowned... ۲۵­ ژوئن  [žu’en] x۲۰۲۲ ▭

In Mbelimè (MBL) it’s 467. Niger-Congo, Gur, Oti-Volta, 40,000 native speakers in the communes of Cobly and Boukoumbé in the department... 25­ mhaàdaàmɛ̀ x2022

In Mbuko (MHW) it’s 468. Afroasiatic, Chadic, with 13,000 speakers in northern Cameroon. Its unusually rich sound inventory includes implosives (see... 25­ kiya cuwäe x2022

In Mbukushu (MHW) it’s 469. Niger-Congo family, a Bantu language that unlike most uses clicks, spoken by 50,000 Hambukushu along Namibia's... 25­ kavatwire x2022 ▭

In Mbula (MNA) it’s 470. Malayo-Polynesian, spoken by 4500 in Morobe, Papua New Guinea. Many bilingual in Tok Pisin (q.v.) and/or... 25­ Muna Muna (a special food) -or- Daudau biibi (reference to west wind) x2022

In Meänkieli (FIT) it’s 471. Endangered Finnish dialect group spoken by 30,000–70,000 in Sweden's Norrbotten province. Bengt Pohjanen is a noted... 25­ jyyni x2022 ▭

In Meitei (Manipuri) (MNI) it’s 472. Sino-Tibetan. Spoken in India, Bangladesh, Burma and not to be confused with Bishnupriya Manipuri (q.v.) which... ꯲꯵ /  ꯏꯉꯥ  /  ingaa x꯲꯰꯲꯲ ▭

In Mele (Atara Imere) (MXE) it’s 473. Malayo-Polynesian, one of two interintelligible languages (the other is Fila) spoken natively by 3500 on Vanuatu's... 25­ Juun x2022

In Menominee (MEZ) it’s 474. Algonquian family, spoken natively by fewer than two dozen in northern Wisconsin but enthus­i­as­tic­ally supported and... 25­ Atāēhemen kēsoq Atāēhemen kēsoq “Strawberry moon” x2022

In Meriam Mir (Eastern Torres Strait) (ULK) it’s 475. Trans-Fly family, spoken by around 200 on six islands in the treacherous Torres Strait between Australia... 25­ Zun x2022 ▭

In Meta' (MGO) it’s 476. T⁠his difficult-to-Google Niger-Congo, Bantu language is spoken by 190,000 in Cameroon. T⁠here is radio programming in... 25­ iməg ichiibɔd x2022

In Miami-Illinois (Myaamia) (MIA) it’s 477. Algonquian, originally midwestern US. Extinct but under revival, largely through the efforts of con­struc­tion worker-cum-linguist Daryl... 25­ wiihkoowia kiilhswa wiihkoowia kiilhswa “Whippoorwiill moon” x2022  ▭

In Michif (CRG) it’s 478. A French-Cree hybrid, fewer than 1000 speakers. North Dakota, Saskatchewan, Manitoba. It borrows its Gregorian calendar... 25­ jweañ x2022

In Micmac (Mi’kmaq ) (MIC) it’s 479. Eastern Algonquian family, approx. 7000 speakers in extreme eastern Canada and northern New England. At one... 25­ Nipniku’s Nipniku’s “Leaf budding time” x2022  ▭

In Miju Mishmi (Kaman) (MXJ) it’s 480. Either Sino-Tibetan (?) or an isolate (?), spoken by 18,000 in India's Arunachal Pradesh and Zayü... 25­ Yāshī x2022

In Min Dong [Fuzhounese] (CDO) it’s 481. Sino-Tibetan, unintelligible with Mandarin or Cantonese, southern China, 9. 5 million speakers. T⁠his is Min Dong’s standard...     / dâ̤ lĕ̤k nguŏk x

In Mingrelian (XMF) it’s 482. An endangered Kartvelian language akin to Georgian and Laz (qq.v.), with some mutual intel­li­gi­bil­ity with the... კე­ მანგი [mangi] მანგი [mangi] “Equal/exact” -or- ივანობა [ivanoba] “Saint John” xცკბ  ▭

In Mirandese (MWL) it’s 483. Romance language, over 1000 years removed from Portuguese, spoken by around 5000 in Portugal's municipalities of... 25­ junho x2022 ▭

In Miskito (MIQ) it’s 484. From the small Misumalpan family, spoken by approx. 150,000 in Honduras and Nicaragua. English loans are... 25­ li kâti li kâti “Water/rain month” x2022  ▭

In Mixe [Isthmus or Coatlán] (MCO) it’s 485. Mixe–Zoquean family, Mixean, Lowland, 45,000 speakers in northeastern Oaxaca, Mexico. T⁠heir language is agglutinative — i.e., words... 25­ äämbë junië x2022

In Mixtec [Magdalena Peñasco] (Tlacotepec Mixtec) (XTM) it’s 486. Oto-Manguean family, Mixtecan branch, Mixtec subgroup. Magdalena Peñasco, “Language of the Rain People,” spoken by 7400... 25­ yoo juniu x2022

In Mixtec [Tututepec] (MTU) it’s 487. A Mixtec language spoken by 1200 in Santa María Acatepec, Santa Cruz Tututepec, and San Pedro... 25­ yòò tyí"i x2022

In Miyakoan (MVI) it’s 488. Japonic, Southern Ryukyuan, with an estimated 10,000 speakers, mostly over 60, on the Miyako Islands of...     / mmtsi-gacii x   ▭

In Mizo (Lushai) (LUS) it’s 489. Sino-Tibetan language spoken in Burma, Bangladesh, and India. Akin to Biete (q.v.). A ṭha lam kawng... 25­ nikir thla nikir thla “Returning of the sun” x2022  ▭

In Moba [Ben] (MFQ) it’s 490. Niger-Congo family, Gur, Oti-Volta, Gurma, spoken by 300,000 in northwestern Togo, con­cen­trated in the city of... 25­ nyaapolmɔnn x2022

In Moba [Bimoba or Moar] (BIM) it’s 491. T⁠his is the rarer Moba dialect spoken by 32,000 in Ghana and Burkina Faso. Not to... 25­ mɔjoot x2022

In Mocheno (MHN) it’s 492. West Germanic, Bavarian, akin to Cimbrian (q.v.), spoken by 1900 in Italy's Bersntol region and reg­u­lated... 25­ prochet prochet “Time of plowing” x2022  ▭

In Mochica (Chimú) (OMC) it’s 493. Mochica was native to the Peruvian coast and has been assigned to the hypothetical Chimuan fam­ily... 25­ shiac shiac “Fish” x2022

In Mohawk (MOH) it’s 494. Iroquoian family, 3500 speakers in Ontario, Quebec, and northern New York State. Like all Iroquoian languages... 25­ ohiarí:ha ohiarí:ha “Ripening time” x2022  ▭

In Mokilese (MKJ) it’s 495. Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Chuukic-Pohnpeic, 500 speakers on Mokil atoll in the Federated States of Micronesia. T⁠his language... 25­ juhn x2022

In Moksha (MDF) it’s 496. A Uralic, Mordvinic language spoken along the central Volga and related to Erzya (q.v.). T⁠here are... 25­ ijunjkov x2022 ▭

In Mong Njua [Green Miao] (HNJ) it’s 497. Unlike Hmong Daw (q.v.), this dialect lacks the unvoiced m; thus it's spelled “Mong” without the... 25­ lú čau.hli x2022

In Mongolian (MON) it’s 498. Central Mongolic, 5.2 million speakers. Observes vowel harmony and lacks the standard l sound. Its Ancient... ᠒᠕­ 𑨛𑩇𑨮𑨂𑨫𑩇𑨍𑨛𑨂𑨍𑨀𑨫𑨳 𑨰𑨫𑨳 / зургадугаар сар [dzurgadugaar sar] x᠒᠐᠒᠒ ▭

In Monguor (Tu) (MJG) it’s 499. Mongolic family, Shirongolic branch, 150,000 speakers in China's Qinghai and Gansu provinces. Two chief dialects are... 25­ jirighun sara x2022

In Montagnais Innu (MOE) it’s 500. Algonquian language related to Cree (q.v.), spoken by 11,000 in Labrador and Quebec. Contrastive vowel length... 25­ uapikun-pishimu na uapikun-pishimu na “Flower month” x2022  ▭

In Moro (MOR) it’s 501. Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, spoken in Sudan's Nuba Mountains. T⁠hough there were 30,000 speakers in six clans reported... 25­ ubwa gə'Đəwađa x2022

In Mossi (Mòoré) (MOS) it’s 502. A Niger-Congo language, akin to Frafra (q.v.), spoken natively by 7.8 million in Burkina Faso, Mali... 25­ sigri x2022

In Moxo [Trinitario] (TRN) it’s 503. Arawakan family, Southern, native to Northeast Bolivia. T⁠he Endangered Languages Project reports 3140 speakers. Jaguars... 25­ juño x2022

In Mozarabic (Andalusi Romance) (MXI) it’s 504. A cluster of non-standardized Romance languages spoken in the Muslim-controlled areas of the Iberian Peninsula... XXV­ يونيو / יוניו  /  yúnyu xMMXXII ▭

In Mundang (MUA) it’s 505. A Niger-Congo language spoken by 250,000 in southern Chad. Its writing system adds Ɓ, Ɗ, Ə... 25­ mamǝŋgwãafahbii x2022

In Mussau-Emira (EMI) it’s 506. Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Saint Matthias, with 5000 speakers based primarily on Papua New Guinea's islands of Mussau... 25­ ghaonomina ateva ulana x2022

In Muyang (MUY) it’s 507. Afroasiatic, Chadic, Central, South, spoken by 30,000 in Cameroon's Far North Province, arrondisse-ment of Tokombéré. Tonal... 25­ kiye madav aku kiye madav aku “Mada (a Muyang subgroup) fire month” x2022

In Muya (MVM) it’s 508. Sino-Tibetan family, Northern Qiangic; two chief dialects not mutually intelligible. T⁠here are 10,000 speakers, of which... 25­ dε33wε55tʂu35pε53 x2022 ▭

In Mwotlap [Folk/Traditional] (MIV) it’s 509. Malayo-Polynesian, Southern Oceanic, spoken natively by 2100 on Vanuatu’s Mota Lava, Ra, and Banks Islands. Uses... 25­ wuyvegsa x2022 ▭

In Myene (Omyene) (MYE) it’s 510. Niger-Congo, Bantu, with 45,000 speakers of the Mpongwe, Nkomi, Galwa, and Bongo Pygmy groups in Gabon. 25­ fogwɛrowa x2022

↑ Back to alphabetic navigation   Return to the top ↑

In Nāhuatl (NAH) it’s 511. Uto-Aztecan, from the original language group of the Aztecs, presently 1.7 million speakers. Of its many... 25­ tlachicuazti x2022 ▭

In Na [Yongning] (NRU) it’s 512. Sino-Tibetan, Qiangic, Naish, spoken in Yongning township, Lijiang municipality in China's Yunnan Province. Akin to Nakhi... 25­ kheulhimi x2022

In Nafsan (South Efate) (ERK) it’s 513. Malayo-Polynesian, native to Efate Island of Northeast Vanuatu with 6000 speakers. T⁠he language counts in base-5... 25­ atlag kalates x2022

In Nakhi (Naxi) (NXQ) it’s 514. Sino-Tibetan, Qiangic, spoken by 350,000 in a part of Yunan’s Himalayan foot­hills where the... 25­ cualmei x2022 ▭

In Nanai (Gold) (GLD) it’s 515. Tungusic family, spoken by some 1400 descendants of Manchurian Jurchen in the Amur River basin area... 25­ дякпон биа [dyakpon bia] x2022 ▭

In Nandi (Kalenjin) (KLN) it’s 516. Nilo-Saharan family, Nilotic, Kalenjin group, spoken in east Africa's Rift Valley. Tonal, contrastive vowel length. Not... 25­ waki waki “Sky” (Supreme Being reference) x2022

In Naandi [Cemual] (NIQ) it’s 517. A Nandi subdivision (spelled with double-A) spoken by 950,000 in Kenya's Rift Valley. Since the Nandi... 25­ roptui roptui “Black rain/clouds” x2022

In Naskapi (NSK) it’s 518. Algonquian family, Central Cree, spoken by 1230 in two bands in Quebec and Labrador. Uses the... 25­ ᒍᓐ ᐱᓯᒻ [chuun-piisim na] x2022 ▭

In Navajo (Diné bizaad) (NAV) it’s 519. Athabaskan, Southwest US, 170,000 native speakers. Tones, nasals, and ejectives make for a classic Navajo tongue... 25­ Yaʼiishjááshchilí Yaʼiishjááshchilí “Planting seeds” x2022  ▭

In Navava (Avava or Katbol) (TMB) it’s 520. Malayo-Polynesian, Southern Oceanic, 700 speakers in 4 villages on Vanuatu’s Malakula Island. Cash crop is copra... 25­ Lap vwelam x2022

In Nawdm (NMZ) it’s 521. Niger-Congo, Gur, Northern, 150,000 speakers in Togo plus more in Ghana. Nawdm's alphabet includes six digraphs:... 25­ nɛ̀ŋ̀ kààd x2022

In Ndebele [Northern] (Zimbabwean Ndebele) (NDE) it’s 522. Niger-Congo, Southern Bantu, Nguni, 2.5 million speakers. Native to Zimbabwe and part of Botswana, spoken by... 25­ uNhlangula uNhlangula “Scattering” (wind blows off leaves) x2022  ▭

In Ndebele [Southern] (Transvaal Ndebele) (NBL) it’s 523. Niger-Congo, Southern Bantu, Nguni, 1.2 million speakers in South Africa's provinces of Mpumalanga, Limpopo, Gauteng, and... 25­ uMgwengweni x2022

In Ndyuka (Aukan) (DJK) it’s 524. English-based creole spoken by 25,000 to 30,000 rainforest dwellers known as the Maroon in Surinam and... 25  / sigisi mun x2022

In Neapolitan (NAP) it’s 525. Romance language named not after the city but the Kingdom of Naples, spoken in central Italy... 25­ ggiugñ x2022

In Neapolitan [Tarantine] (NAP) it’s 526. Dialect of Neapolitan with Ancient Messapic roots, spoken by 300,000 in and around the city of... 25­ sciugne x2022

In Nenets [Tundra] 1 (YRK) it’s 527. Uralic family, Samoyedic, spoken by 22,000 in a swath starting from Russia’s Kola Peninsula, eastward along... 25­ неняӈгь иры [nyenyaŋg  j  yiri] неняӈгь иры [nyenyaŋg  j  yiri] “Mosquito month” x2022  ▭

In Nenets [Tundra] 2 (YRK) it’s 528. As standardization among Nenets’s calendar terms is pretty forgiving, here’s a set from a different source... 25­ мангты иры [mangti yiri] мангты иры [mangti yiri] “Last month of spring” x2022

In Nez Perce (NEZ) it’s 529. Plateau Penutian family, Idaho, fewer than 200 speakers, revival underway. Observes vowel harmony, acute accents show... 25­ Tustimasáat’al Tustimasáat’al “Mountain snowmelt time” x2022

In Nganasan (NIO) it’s 530. Uralic family, Samoyedic, with much vocabulary from a mysterious substrate. Extreme north-central Russia, seriously endangered with... 25­ büpsä x2022 ▭

In Ngiemboon (NNH) it’s 531. Niger-Congo family, Southern Bantoid, Grassfields. Spoken in Province de l’Ouest and Bamboutos in Cameroon by 250,000... 25­ saŋ njÿoláʼ x2022

In Ngomba (JGO) it’s 532. Another Grassfields language like Ngiemboon above. Spoken in Province de l'Ouest and Bamboutos in Cameroon by... 25­ pɛsaŋ pɛ́nɛ́ntúkú x2022

In Ngwo (Engwo) (NGN) it’s 533. Niger-Congo, Southern Bantoid, 22,000 speakers in the Northwest Region of Cameroon -- Momo Division, Njikwa Subdivision... 25­ Jùnu x2022

In Nheengatu (YRL) it’s 534. Tupi-Guaraní family, spoken by 19,000 in Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela and named from the phrase nhe'eng... 25­ îasypoîepé x2022 ▭

In Nisga’a (NCG) it’s 535. Tsimshianic family, seriously endangered, British Columbia, Canada, 2818 speakers reported in 2014. A close kin to... 25­ Miso’o Miso’o “Sockeye salmon” x2022  ▭

In Niuean (NIU) it’s 536. Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by 2000 in the South Pacific island nation of Niue and another 5700... 25­ Iuni x2022

In Nivkh (Gilyak) (NIV) it’s 537. Language isolate spoken on western Sakhalin Island and adjacent mainland by around 1000. Nivkh is genderless... 25­ tenga vota long x2022 ▭

In Nkore (Runyankore) (CGG) it’s 538. Niger-Congo, Bantu. Spoken by 2.3 million in southwestern Uganda. So close to Kiga /Rukiga (q.v.) that many... 25­ Kahingo Kahingo (alludes to it being time to plant) x2022

In Nogai (Alabugat Tatar) (NOG) it’s 539. Turkic, spoken by 87,000 in southwestern Russia's Tuva region by Golden Horde descendants. Nogai Khan (died... 25­ тамбыз ай [tambyz ay] x2022 ▭

In Noni (Noone) (NHU) it’s 540. Niger-Congo, Southern Bantoid, Eastern Beboid, 50,000 speakers in Cameroon. Noni is said to have been heard... 25­ kpwee Mbacɛ x2022

In Norman [Continental] (NRF) it’s 541. Romance, Langue d’oïl, Norse loans, 100,000 speakers in Normandy. T⁠he Channel Island languages Guernésiais, Jèrriais, and... 25­ juin x2022 ▭

In Norman [Guernésiais/Dgèrnésiais] (NRF) it’s 542. Norman dialect spoken by approx. 200 on the Channel Island of Guernsey. Victor Hugo contemporary George... 25­ juin x2022

In Norman [Jèrriais] (NRF) it’s 543. Norman dialect spoken natively by 2000 on the Channel Island of Jersey. Actress, socialite, eventual California... 25­ juin x2022 ▭

In Norman [Sercquiais] (Sarkese) (NRF) it’s 544. T⁠he Norman dialect spoken by about 20 on the Channel Island of Sark, descended from 16th... 25­ djwĩ x2022

In Nuer (NUS) it’s 545. Nilo-Saharan. South Sudan and Ethiopia, 900,000 speakers. Breathy, shown with underscores, vs. non-breathy vowels. Related to... 25­ Kornyoot x2022

In Nukuoro (NKR) it’s 546. Malayo-Polynesian, approx. 860 speakers on Nukuoro Atoll and Pohnpei Island, Federated States of Micronesia. Five vowels... 25­ ono-malama x2022 ▭

In Nusu (Nu) [Northern] (Wawa-Kongtong dialect) (NUF) it’s 547. Sino-Tibetan, Lolo-Burmese, preliterate, 2000 speakers in China's Fugong, Wawa, Kongtong, and Youduoluo Counties. Not to be... 25­ khɹu̱53 ɬa55 x2022

In Nuuchahnulth (Nootka) [Hesquiaht, Muwač’atḥ] (NUK) it’s 548. Of the Southern Wakashan family, Nuuchahnulth as a whole is spoken natively by 130 on Vancouver... 25­ qawašumł x2022 ▭

In Nuuchahnulth (Nootka) [Ahousaht, ʕaaḥusʔatḥ] (NUK) it’s 549. T⁠he Nuuchahnulth dialect of the Ahousaht First Nation on Western Vancouver Island. As are all Wakashan... 25­ t’aakƛaatasumł x2022

In Nuuchahnulth (Nootka) [Tseshaht, C’išaaʔatḥ] (NUK) it’s 550. T⁠he Tseshaht First Nation is native to the Broken Group Islands of Barkley Sound, Western Vancouver... 25­ qawašimł x2022

In Nyole (Lunyole) [Ugandan] (NUJ) it’s 551. Niger-Congo family, Bantu, 340,000 speakers in the Tororo District of Uganda. It shares approx. 60% of... 25­ Negesa x2022

In Nzime (Koonzime) (PAC) it’s 552. Niger-Congo, Bantu Zone A, spoken by 40,000 Dweʼe and Nzime people in Cameroon. Two dialects, Koonzime... 25­ ankʉnkono x2022

↑ Back to alphabetic navigation   Return to the top ↑

In Occitan [Aranese] (OCI) it’s 553. Indo-European, Romance, Langue d’òc. Compared to French, Occitan has changed little over the cen­tur­ies. It’s official... 25­ junh x2022 ▭

In Occitan [Gascon] (OCI) it’s 554. Indo-European, Romance, Langue d’òc, Gascony in southern France. Cited by some linguists as a separ­ate language... 25­ junh x2022 ▭

In Occitan [Provençal] (OCI) it’s 555. T⁠he Occitan, which includes Niçard, spoken in Provence in southern France by 350,000. At one time... 25­ jun x2022 ▭

In Occitan [Vivaro-Alpine] (OCI) it’s 556. Seriously endangered Occitan dialect spoken by 200,000, primarily in Dauphiné in southeastern France and the Occitan... 25­ junh x2022

In Oirat [Kalmyk] (XAL) it’s 557. Mongolic, spoken by 80,500 in the Republic of Kalmykia, at the northwestern extreme of the Caspian... 25­ мөчн сар [möčn sar] x2022 ▭

In Ojibwe (Chippewa) [Eastern] (OJG) it’s 558. Algonquian family, akin to Algonquin (q.v.), 100,000 speakers for all dialects inclusive in north-central US and... 25 / Baashkaabigonii Giizis / Baashkaabigonii Giizis “Blooming Moon” x2022  ▭

In Ojibwe (Chippewa) [Western] (OJW) it’s 559. T⁠he other major dialect of Ojibwe. As you might notice, vowels can be long or short... 25 / Ode’Imini Giizis / Ode’Imini Giizis “Strawberry Moon” x2022

In Oneida (ONE) it’s 560. Iroquoian family, approx. 250 native speakers in Ontario, New York State, and Green Bay, Wisconsin. T⁠he... 25­ Awʌhíht̲e̲’ Awʌhíht̲e̲’ “Strawberry” x2022  ▭

In Onondaga (ONO) it’s 561. Iroquoian family, approx. 50 speakers in Ontario and New York State. Like Palawano (q.v.) and other... 25­ ichakka x2022

In Oodham (Papago-Pima) (OOD) it’s 562. From the Uto-Aztecan family, spoken by some 10,000 in South-Central Arizona and northern Sonora. No f... 25­ ha:ṣañ ba:k maşad ha:ṣañ ba:k maşad “Saguaro fruit ripening month” -or- stoñ maşad “Hot month” x2022

In Oroch (OAC) it’s 563. Northern Tungusic language, eight (as of 2010) native speakers in Khabarovsk Krai in eastern Siberia and... 25­ беэ джумачи [bjey džumači] x2022

In Oromo (ORM) it’s 564. Afroasiatic, Cushitic. Central Ethiopia, Horn of Africa. Non-Roman scripts were once banned; Qubee, Oromo's modern Roman... 25­ وَطَبَججِي / waxabajjii وَطَبَججِي / waxabajjii “Belletrix” x2022

In Os (Chulym) (CLW) it’s 565. Western Turkic, moribund but still spoken by a few dozen in the Chulym River area north... 25­ kiči šilgai kiči šilgai “Small hot month” x2022  ▭

In Os (Chulym) [Küärik] (CLW) it’s 566. A Lower Chulym dialect that went extinct before the 20th century. It was spoken along the... 25­ kiʒiḡ iziḡ aj kiʒiḡ iziḡ aj “Small hot month” x2022

In Osage (OSA) it’s 567. T⁠his Oklahoma-based Siouan language went natively extinct in 2005 with the death of its last speaker... 25 / mį́įǫpa wešáhpe x2022

In Ossetian [Digor] (OSS) it’s 568. Indo-European, Indo-Iranic, spoken in a semi-autonomous region divided into North — Alania (in Russia) and South (in Georgia)... 25­ амистол [amystol] амистол [amystol] “Apostles” (Peter and Paul) x2022

In Ossetian [Iron] (OSS) it’s 569. Pronounced ee-ron, this is the more popular Ossetian dialect, with slightly under half a million speakers... 25­ кӕхцгӕнӕны мӕй [käχtsgänäni mäy] кӕхцгӕнӕны мӕй [käχtsgänäni mäy] “Month of Whitsuntide” x2022  ▭

In Otomi [Northwestern, Mezquital] (OTE) it’s 570. Oto-Manguean family, Oto-Pamean group, spoken by 100,000 in the Mezquital Valley of Hidalgo, Mexico, endangered. T⁠hree... 25­ ndä’ye x2022 ▭

↑ Back to alphabetic navigation   Return to the top ↑

In Pacoh (PAC) it’s 571. Austroasiatic, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, 32,000 speakers in Laos and Vietnam. Six vowels which can be long... 25­ kixay tupát x2022

In Pahlavi (Middle Persian) (PAH) it’s 572. Indo-European, Indo-Iranic. T⁠his is the Zoroastrian/Mithraist-based calendar used in Cappadocia under the Sasanian Empire (224–651 CE)... ­ 𐮑𐮅𐮇𐮅 / ΤΕΙΡΕΙ / teirei   𐮑𐮅𐮇𐮅 / ΤΕΙΡΕΙ / teirei  “Sirius” x  ▭

In Paicî (PRI) it’s 573. Malayo-Polynesian, Southern Oceanic, 7300 speakers on New Caledonia's east coast and inland valleys. Paicî has 5... 25­ toro x2022

In Palauan [Premodern] (PAU) it’s 574. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, approx. 15,000 speakers. Palau, Guam, Mariana Islands. Palauans divided their year into two: Ongos... 25­ modeláb ra ongos modeláb ra ongos (part of dry period) x2022  ▭

In Palawano [Brooke’s Point] (PLW) it’s 575. Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine. Of three dialects, this one is spoken by 25,000 on Palawan Island... 25­ pengingilamunan pengingilamunan “Time to weed the gardens” x2022

In Palmyrene (???) it’s 576. Afroasiatic, Semitic, Aramaic. Under the legendary Queen Zenobia, the Palmyrene Empire briefly held Rome’s eastern provinces...     / sivan sivan “Season” (Akkadian) x

In Palor (Sili-Sili) (FAP) it’s 577. Niger-Congo family, Cangin, 11,000 ethnic Seereer speakers in the T⁠hiès area of West Central Senegal. Some... 25­ suwe x2022

In Pame (Xi’iui) (PBS) it’s 578. From the Oto-Manguean family, tonal, spoken by 11,000 in central Mexico's State of San Luis Potosí... 25­ ngum’au ngumajau nilyjiaiñ x2022

In Pashto [Northern/Eastern] (PUS) it’s 579. Indo-European, Indo-Iranic, spoken by the Pashtuns of Northeast Pakistan. Of all Pashto dialects inclu­sive, there are... ۲۵­ غبرګلی  / ğbargulay غبرګلی  / ğbargulay “Gemini” x۲۰۲۲  ▭

In Pashto [Southern/Western] (PUS) it’s 580. Pashto dialect spoken in western Afghanistan and Iran. Unlike other Iranics, Pashto includes retroflex (curled-tongued) consonants:... ۲۵­ ثلرېمه خور / thalarema khor [salarema χor] ثلرېمه خور / thalarema khor [salarema χor] “Fourth sister” x۲۰۲۲  ▭

In Pawnee [South Band] (PAW) it’s 581. Caddoan family, north-central Oklahoma, natively extinct though with some non-fluent speakers. Along with Arikara, we hear... 25­ Paaraáraruks Paaraáraruks (source: Dunbar) x2022

In Pecheneg (XPC) it’s 582. A mysterious, poorly attested Turkic language with no known descendants, spoken on Crimea and beyond the...  / altem x

In Pemon (Arekuna) (AOC) it’s 583. From the Cariban family, spoken by 30,000 in SE Venezuela, Brazil's Roraima State, and Guyana. It... 25­ Ewu kapüyi Ewu kapüyi “Fish spawning month” x2022

In Penan-Nibong (PEZ) it’s 584. Malayo-Polynesian, North Sarawakan, spoken by 13,000 nomadic Penan in Sarawak, Borneo. Two main dialects. "Nice to... 25­ laseh nem x2022

In Penrhyn (Tongarevan) (PNH) it’s 585. Critically endangered Polynesian language spoken by around 200 in the northern Cook Islands. Penrhyn atoll in... 25­ tiunu x2022

In Picard (Ch’ti or Patois) (PCD) it’s 586. Indo-European, Romance, Langue d’oïl, extreme northern France. As its 700,000 speakers are mostly elderly, UNESCO declares... 25­ juin x2022 ▭

In Picard [Medieval] (PCD) it’s 587. As inscribed on the 14th century Astrolabe of Berselius. Picard flourished as a literary medium during... ­ JU​I​NG x

In Piedmontese (PMS) it’s 588. Indo-European, Romance; 700,000 native speakers in northwestern Italy and diaspora communities in Argentina. Curiously, Piedmontese lacks... 25­ giugn x2022 ▭

In Pingelapese (PIF) it’s 589. Malayo-Polynesian, 3000 speakers on Pingelap atoll in T⁠he Federated States of Micronesia. Pingelapese has different sets... 25­ solodon x2022

In Pipil (Nawat) (PPL) it’s 590. Uto-Aztecan language under revival, El Salvador. T⁠here are now over 3000 speakers. Yek teutak! Ken tinemi?... 25­ metzi chikwasen x2022

In Piro [Yine] (PIB) it’s 591. Arawakan family, spoken by the 4000 ethnic Yine who live in the Peruvian Urubamba River Valley... 25­ gonyo ksuru x2022

In Pitcairn-Norfolk (PIH) it’s 592. An endangered Tahitian /English creole spoken on Pitcairn & Norfolk Islands. T⁠his one got its start in... 25­ juun x2022

In Pnar (Jaintia or Synteng) (PBV) it’s 593. Austroasiatic language, 320,000 speakers, Meghalaya, Northeast India, plus Bangladesh adjacent. Shares much in common with Khasi... 25­ naj n̩ru x2022 ▭

In Pohnpeian (PON) it’s 594. Malayo-Polynesian, Micronesian, 34,000 speakers on Pohnpei Island in the Caroline Islands. Offers 30 sets of 1-to-9... 25­ suhn x2022

In Poitevin-Saintongeais (???) it’s 595. Indo-European, Romance, Langue d’oïl with Langue d’òc elements, spoken in Poitu /Vendée. Earliest known writings date from... 25­ jhén x2022

In Poitkut (Pokot) (KLN) it’s 596. Nilo-Saharan family, Kalenjin. 264,000 speakers in Kenya’s West Pokot and Baringo counties and in Uganda's Karamoja... 25­ Melwon x2022

In Polabian (POX) it’s 597. West Slavic with Germanic influences. Last native speaker, who claimed also to sing well in it... 25­ pątjustë mån pątjustë mån -or- pancjusté mån “Pentecost month” x2022

In Pomeranian [Kashubian] (CSB) it’s 598. Indo-European, West Slavic, Lechtic. Some 100,000 speakers living in Germany, Poland, and within a community in... 25­ czerwińc czerwińc “Red” (refers to insect source) x2022  ▭

In Pomeranian [Slovincian] (CSB) it’s 599. T⁠he other major dialect of Pomeranian, extinct since World War I. One source cited its last speaker... 25­ jŏʉn x2022

In Pontic (PNT) it’s 600. Indo-European, Hellenic, 200,000 speakers in northern Greece, Turkey, and diaspora communities. T⁠he Greatest Pontic king was... 25­ Κερασινός [Kerasinos] Κερασινός [Kerasinos] “Cherries” x2022  ▭

In Potawatomi (POT) it’s 601. Algonquian language native to the Great Lakes areas of Michigan, Wisconsin, Ontario, and Illinois. One... 25­ ngochʼegé gizes ngochʼegé gizes “Tilling month” x2022

In Proto-Germanic (???) it’s 602. Reconstructed ancestor (hence the asterisks) of all Germanic languages, last spoken ca. 250 BCE. T⁠he character... XXV­ *brekimenoþ *brekimenoþ “Broken month” xMMXXII  ▭

In Proto-Slavic (???) it’s 603. Reconstructed ancestor of all Slavic languages, 5th to 8th centuries CE, unattested. Under Byzantine Emperor Michael... XXV­ *črvn *črvn “Red” (as produced by insect larvae) xMMXXII  ▭

In Pukapukan (PKP) it’s 604. Malayo-Polynesian language from Danger Island (Cook Islands group). Several hundred speakers, mostly ex-pat groups in Australia... 25­ Tiūnu x2022

In Puluwat (PUW) it’s 605. Malayo-Polynesian, Micronesian, Trukic, several hundred speakers on the coral atoll of Poluwat (for­merly Puluwat), seven feet... 25­ yemmaatur yemmaatur (a star) x2022

In Pumi [Qingua or Southern] (PMJ) it’s 606. Sino-Tibetan, Qiangic. Spoken by 22,000 ethnic Pumi in Lanping and Ninglang counties is Yunnan. Pumi uses... 25­ qa55xiɛ̃55ʒi13 x2022

In Pumi [Taoba or Northern] (PMI) it’s 607. Pumi’s other chief dialect, spoken by 55,000 in Sichuan’s Jiulong, Muli and Yanyuan counties, Yunan’s Ninglang... 25­ tʂhu35li55mei35 x2022

In Purepecha (Tarascan) (TSZ) it’s 608. A language isolate of the descendants of the Purépecha civilization — which rivaled that of the... 25­ junio x2022 ▭

In Puroik (Sulung) (SUV) it’s 609. So far unclassified. Spoken by 20,000 in roughly seven dialects by the Puroik hill tribes people... २५­ তাইক্ল আম্ব / तैक्लो आम्बो / taiklo aambo x२०२२

↑ Back to alphabetic navigation   Return to the top ↑

In Qeqchi’ (Kekchi) (KEK) it’s 610. Mayan family, half a million speakers in Guatemala and Belize. Q’eqchi’ uses ejectives and accents vir­tually... 25­ juuny x2022 ▭

In Qiang [Horpa/Ergong] (ERO) it’s 611. Sino-Tibetan family, Qiangic, Rgyalrongic, non-tonal, 50,000 Sichuan-area speakers. Linguists call Horpa a “living fossil.” Qiangic languages... 25  / ɦɛ dʐu pa x2022

In Qiang [Northern, Central Heishui, Máwō] (CNG) it’s 612. Sino-Tibetan, Qiangic, non-tonal, 130,000 speakers in Eastern Tibet and China’s north-central Sichuan. Features “R-colored” vowels, i.e.... 25  / χtʂuʂ x2022 ▭

In Qiang [Southern, Taoping] (QXS) it’s 613. Sino-Tibetan, Qiangic, but tonal (unlike Ergong and Máwō in previous entries), 80,000 speakers. As if 6... 25­ χtʂi55ʂɔo33 x2022

In Qiang [Southern, Western Lixian] (QXS) it’s 614. Sino-Tibetan, Qiangic, tonal, native to Li County, Sichuan. Four subdialects: Puxi, Xuecheng, Muka, and Jiuzi. Grammatical... 25  / χtʂuχl x2022

In Quechan (Yuma) (YUM) it’s 615. Yuman family, around 300 native speakers in southeastern California and western Arizona. Verbs carry most of... 25­ xaly'á xuumxúk x2022

In Quechua [Standard] (QUE) it’s 616. Quechuan family, widely spoken by Inca Empire descendants. Natively it lacks the vowels E and O... 25­ ñiqin inti raymi killapi ñiqin inti raymi killapi “Sun festival month” x2022  ▭

In Quechua [Huallaga] (QUE) it’s 617. Quechua as spoken in the Huánuco Province in Peru. Quechua dialects in the main typically feature... 25­ junyu x2022

In Quechua [Northern/Ecuadorian] (QUE) it’s 618. Quechua dialect, called Kitchwa, spoken in Ecuador, Colombia, and Peru. An Ecuadorian Quechua speaker may greet... 25­ inti inti “Sun” -or- quski x2022  ▭

In Quechua [Southern/Bolivian Cochabamba] (QUH) it’s 619. Of Southern Bolivian Quechua as a whole, there are 1.6 million speakers in Bolivia (where it's... 25­ chiri killa chiri killa “Cold month” x2022

In Quechua [Southern/Cusco ] (QUZ) it’s 620. Modern terminology for the Quechua dialect spoken in the Peru's Cusco region. In Cusco, you might... 25­ inti raymi killapi inti raymi killapi “Festival of the sun month” x2022  ▭

In Quechua [Southern/Cusco Imperial] (QUZ) it’s 621. T⁠his is the traditional terminology of the Inca Empire, citing its monthly celebrations. Spellings and word... 25­ inti raymi inti raymi “Festival of the sun” x2022

In Quileute (Quillayute) (QUI) it’s 622. Chimkakuan family, extinct but undergoing revival at the Quileute Tribal School in La Push, Washington. Quirk:... 25­ chaʔałowasiḳtiyat x2022

↑ Back to alphabetic navigation   Return to the top ↑

In Rade (RAD) it’s 623. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Chamic, Highlands, akin to Cham (q.v.), spoken by 180,000 E-de people in southern Vietnam... 25­ mlan năm x2022

In Raga (LML) it’s 624. Malayo-Polynesian, 6500 speakers on Vanuatu’s Pentecost Island, home of those death-defying vine jumpers. Raga uses four... / Tarang tirigi / Tarang tirigi “Yam leaves fully dry” x

In Rangi (Langi) (LAG) it’s 625. Niger-Congo family, Bantu, with between 270,000 and 410,000 speakers in central Tanzania. Its nouns divide into... 25­ Kwiidwaata x2022

In Rapa Nui (Pascuanese) (RAP) it’s 626. Eastern Polynesian, Easter Island, 2700 native speakers. Its endemic writing system, called Rongorongo, remains undeciphered. Month... 25­ ko maro ko maro “Of a maro (bird feather pennant)” -or- vaitu-poto “Short winter” x2022

In Rawang (Krangku) (RAW) it’s 627. Sino-Tibetan family, Tibeto-Burman, Nungish, 63,000 speakers in India and northern Burma. Roman alphabet writing system developed... 25­ chuq shvlá x2022 ▭

In Reel (Atuot) (ATU) it’s 628. Presumably Nilo-Saharan, related to Nuer (q.v.) and Dinka, spoken by some 50,000 Atuot people living near... 25­ Aduɔ̈ɔ̈ŋ x2022

In Rennell-Bellona (Rennellese) (MNV) it’s 629. Malayo-Polynesian, 4000 speakers, Solomon Islands’ Rennell and Bellona provinces. For most people who live there, it's... 25­ Luoni x2022

In Rgyalrong [Northwestern, Sidaba] (JYA) it’s 630. Sino-Tibetan, Qiangic. Sidaba, spoken in Sichuan's Xiaojin, Danba, and Baoxing Counties, is one of rGyalrong’s five... 25­ sla wa tʂǝk pɐ x2022

In Rohingya (RHG) it’s 631. Indo-European, Indo-Iranic, Bengali-Assamese. Six noun cases. Heavily persecuted, the Rohingya are toughing it out in Burma... 𐴲𐴵  / bádo x𐴲𐴰𐴲𐴲 ▭

In Romani [Balkan Sofia Erli] (RMN) it’s 632. Romani is a group of Indo-European, Indic languages whose preliterate founders departed from north­ern India sometime... 25­ juni x2022

In Romani [Balkan Ursari] (RMN) it’s 633. A Balkan Romani spoken in Moldavia and Romania. An Ursari morning greeting is Lač ho d’es. 25­ junija x2022 ▭

In Romani [Kale Finnish] (RMF) it’s 634. Indic language by way of Scotland, England, and Scandinavia, spoken by 11,700 Finnish Romani. “Good afternoon!”... 25­ niijalesko čoon x2022

In Romani [Kale Iberian] (Caló) (RMQ) it’s 635. Indic language spoken by Iberian Peninsula Romani. T⁠he characters singing the famous "Anvil Chorus" in Verdi's... 25­ nutivé x2022

In Romani [Kale Welsh] (RMW) it’s 636. Romani variety spoken in Wales until at least 1950, introduced during the 15th century. Its purported... 25­ lilajeskero x2022

In Romani [Vlax] (RMY) it’s 637. Today's most widely spoken Romani, originally the language of the Romani enslaved in the territory of... 25­ shovtonai x2022 ▭

In Romanian [Meglenitic] (Megleno-Romanian) (RUQ) it’s 638. Eastern Romance, native to Greece, Macedonia, Romania, and Turkey. Some consider Meglenitic a separate language; others... 25­ tširişár tširişár “Cherry (-producing month)” x2022  ▭

In Romanian [Old Church/Traditional] (RON) it’s 639. Indo-European, Romance. Romanian used the Cyrillic alphabet from 1521 until 1859 when Moldavia and Wallachia united... кє­ чірешар / cireșar чірешар / cireșar “Cherry” x҂вкв

In Romansh [Grischun] (ROH) it’s 640. Indo-European, Rhaeto-Romance, Switzerland. Romansh comes in five chief dialects. Not included among those is Grischun, a... 25­ zercladur zercladur “Weeding” x2022

In Romansh [Putèr] (ROH) it’s 641. Romansh dialect spoken in the Engadine Valley, Switzerland. Often incorrectly referred to as “Ladin,” though not... 25­ gün x2022 ▭

In Rombo (Kirombo or Chaga) (ROF) it’s 642. Niger-Congo, Northeast Bantu, spoken in Tanzania's Kilimanaro Region. Four dialects: Keni, Mashati, Mkuu, and Usseri. T⁠he... 25­ Mweri wa sita x2022

In Rongga (ROR) it’s 643. Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, spoken in East Nuse Tenggara Province in central Flores, Indonesia. Not to be confused... 25­ wula nuko angi manu x2022

In Rongmei Naga (NBU) it’s 644. Sino-Tibetan, Kuki-Chin Naga (?), Zeme. About 94,000 Rongmei live in Assam, Manipur, and Nagaland in Northeast India... 25­ twnngaibw x2022

In Rotokas (ROO) it’s 645. North Bougainville family, spoken by approx. 4000 in Papua New Guinea. Famous for its tiny sound... 25­ katai vatarapa kekira x2022

In Russian [Premodern] (RUS) it’s 646. T⁠his was Russian before it adopted neo-Latin (more accurately, Byzantine Greek) month conventions. For several centuries... кє­ хлеборост [χleborost] хлеборост [χleborost] “Grain” x҂вкв

In Russian [Ninilchik] (???) it’s 647. Endangered but still spoken by descendants of 19th century Russian American Company workers in Ninilchik, Alaska... 25­ Yun’ x2022 ▭

In Rusyn (Ruthene or Ruthenian) (RUE) it’s 648. East Slavic, approx. 60,000 current speakers. T⁠hree grammar/spelling standards: Lemko, Panonian, and Prešov. Compared with Russian... 25­ червень [červen’] червень [červen’] “Red (as produced from insect larvae)” x2022  ▭

In Rwanda-Rundi [Kinyarwanda] (KIN) it’s 649. Niger-Congo, Bantu. Tonal, official in Rwanda. Of the 20 million speakers for Rwanda-Rundi in total, 9.8... 25­ Ukwa gatandatu x2022 ▭

In Rwanda-Rundi [Kirundi] (RUN) it’s 650. T⁠he other chief dialect of Rwanda-Rundi, spoken in Burundi by 8.8 million. Most speakers refer to... 25­ ukwēzi kwa gatanu x2022

↑ Back to alphabetic navigation   Return to the top ↑

In Sa‘a (South Malaita or Apae‘aa) (APB) it’s 651. Malayo-Polynesian, SE Solomonic, spoken by 12,000 in South Malaita, Solomon Islands. 25­ hutohuto hutohuto “Foam” x2022

In Sabaean (Sabaic or Himyarite) (XSA) it’s 652. Afroasiatic, Old South Arabian, putative language of the Queen of Sheba/Saba, Yemen between ca. 1000 BCE... 𐩭𐩲𐩲­ 𐩹𐩤𐩺𐩼𐩬 [ḏqyẓn] x𐩽𐩽𐩲𐩲𐩱𐩱 ▭

In Saho (SSY) it’s 653. Afroasiatic, Cushitic, Lowland East, 220,000 native speakers in Eritrea and in Tigray in Ethiopia, des­cen­dants from... 25­ سَینتٜ / sayne x2022

In Sakizaya (SZY) it’s 654. Austronesian, Formosan, Ami, an indigenous language spoken by around 900 on Taiwan (Keelung, Taoyuan City, New... 25­ enem bulad x2022

In Salish, Coastal [Island Halkomelem] (HUR) it’s 655. A language from the Salishan family spoken by approx. 200 on the east coast of Vancouver... 25­ yuqw’iqw’u’lus yuqw’iqw’u’lus -or- q̓wilus “Ripening” x2022

In Salish, Coastal [Klallam] (CLM) it’s 656. Salishan family, once heard in the Pacific Northwest on the northern shore of the Olympic Peninsula... 25­ pən̕exʷəŋ x2022 ▭

In Salish, Coastal [Puget Sound] (Lushootseed) (LUT) it’s 657. Another Salishan language, spoken by several dozen of the Nisqually tribe. T⁠he word “geoduck” (elephant clam)... 25­ pədstəgʷad x2022 ▭

In Salish, Coastal [Sechelt] (Shashishalhem) (SEC) it’s 658. T⁠his Salishan family language is native to the Sechelt Peninsula area of British Columbia. Fewer than... 25­ temḵw՚ iḵw՚ el shalshal x2022

In Salish, Coastal [Squamish] (SQU) it’s 659. Salishan, native to Squamish, North Vancouver, and West Vancouver in British Columbia. One remain­ing native speaker... 25­ tem kw՚eskw՚ás x2022

In Salish, Interior [Kalispel–Spokane–Flathead] (FLA/SPO) it’s 660. Also called Montana Salish, spoken by approx. 100 elders in central Montana's Flathead Nation and the... 25­ sx̣ʷéʔli spq̓niʔ x2022 ▭

In Salish, Interior [Shuswap] (SHS) it’s 661. T⁠he northernmost Interior Salishan language, spoken natively by around 200 in central and southern British Columbia... 25­ Pelltspéntsk Pelltspéntsk “Midsummer month” x2022

In Sami [Northern] (SME) it’s 662. Finno-Ugric, 20,000 speakers. T⁠he term “Lapp” for the Sámi language group is considered derogatory and no... 25­ geassemánnu geassemánnu “Summer month” x2022  ▭

In Sami [Inari] (SMN) it’s 663. Spoken by 300-400 around Lake Inari in northern Finland. To say good-bye to someone leaving in... 25­ kesimáánu x2022 ▭

In Sami [Kildin] (SJD) it’s 664. T⁠he Sámi spoken by around 600 in the Lovozero area of the Kola Peninsula and the... 25­ кессьманну [kyeсс’mannu] x2022 ▭

In Sami [Lule] (SMJ) it’s 665. Spoken by between 1000 and 2000 around the Lule River in Sweden and in Norway's Nordland... 25­ biehtsemánno x2022 ▭

In Sami [Skolt] (SMS) it’s 666. Seriously endangered, 400 speakers mostly around Sevettijärvi, Finland. Oldest writings date from 1884. T⁠hough millennia removed... 25­ kie’ssmään x2022 ▭

In Sami [Southern] (SMA) it’s 667. Seriously endangered, 500–600 speakers in Norway’s Snåsa and Hattfjelldal districts. While also refer­enc­ing reindeer husbandry, Southern... 25­ ruffie ruffie “Breeding” x2022

In Samlandish (Old Baltic Prussian) (PRG) it’s 668. Indo-European, Baltic (as opposed to Germanic, the other, entirely unrelated “Prussian”), extinct by 1800. While its... 25­ sīmenis x2022 ▭

In Samoan [Traditional] (SMO) it’s 669. Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, about 500,000 speakers in the Samoan Islands and ex-pat communities elsewhere. Vocabulary and pronunciation... 25­ Malelega x2022

In Samogitian (SGS) it’s 670. Indo-European, Baltic, spoken in western Lithuania. A Lithuanian dialect to some, a separate language to others... 25­ bėrželis bėrželis “Birches” x2022  ▭

In Sango (SAG) it’s 671. Ubangian-derived creole, three tones, central Africa, 450,000 native speakers. Along with French, Sango is an official... 25­ föndo x2022

In Sangu {Tanzania} (SBP) it’s 672. Niger-Congo family, Northeast Bantu, Bena-Kinga, 75,000 speakers in Tanzania's Mbeya Region. Not to be confused with... 25­ Mujimbi x2022

In Sanskrit (SAN) it’s 673. Classical Indo-European, Indic language spoken natively between approx. 1500 BCE and 1350 CE. Its living relatives... 𑁨𑁫­ 𑀱𑀱𑁆𑀞𑀫𑀸𑀲 / षष्ठमास / ṣaṣṭhamāsa x𑁨𑁦𑁨𑁨 ▭

In Santali (SAT) it’s 674. Austroasiatic, Munda, spoken by 7.6 million in Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, and Nepal. Uses Ol Chiki alphabet... ᱒᱕­  ᱡᱩᱱ [jun] x᱒᱐᱒᱒ ▭

In Saramaccan (SRM) it’s 675. Portuguese/English/Dutch creole with African elements, Suriname. 90,000 speakers, most of whom descend from escaped slaves. 25­ hɔ́ndima líba hɔ́ndima líba “Hunter month” x2022

In Sardinian [Campidanese] (SRD or SRO) it’s 676. Indo-European, Italic, Romance; 500,000 speakers in Sardinia in the Cagliari metro area and elsewhere in Oristano... 25­ làmpadas x2022

In Sardinian [Gallurese] (SDN) it’s 677. Sardinia's Gallura region and elsewhere in the Northeast, 100,000 speakers. It has more noticeable Spanish and... 25­ làmpadda x2022 ▭

In Sardinian [Logudorese ] (SRD or SRC) it’s 678. Half a million speakers in the central-southern Sardinian province of Sassari, northern parts of the... 25­ làmpadas x2022

In Sardinian [Logudorese Nuorese] (SRD or SRC) it’s 679. Subdialect with features found nowhere else on Sardinia including some th (IPA symbol θ) sounds and... 25­ làmpadas x2022

In Sardinian [Sassarese] (SDC) it’s 680. 100,000 speakers tending toward the north of the island. Its origins go back to the 16th... 25­ làmpadda x2022

In Satawalese (STW) it’s 681. Malayo-Polynesian, Micronesian, Trukic, spoken by 500 on Satawal, Yap, and other islands and atolls of the... 25­ Kiuw Kiuw “Constellations Andromeda, Cassiopeia, and Pisces” x2022  ▭

In Saxwe (Tsáphɛ) (SXW) it’s 682. Niger-Congo family, Gbe group, tonal, spoken by 170,000 in Benin. Most speakers understand some Fon (q.v.)... 25­ Hwɛwisun x2022

In Secoya (Pai Coca) (SEY) it’s 683. Tucanoan family, spoken by 1200 in Peru and Ecuador along the Putumayo and Vaupés Rivers. Nouns... 25­ Ña'ñame'koro x2022

In Sedang (SED) it’s 684. Austroasiatic language native to Vietnam’s Central Highlands and adjacent areas of Laos with 100,000 speakers. Famously... 25­ khế tơdrốu x2022 ▭

In Seediq [Truku/Taroko] (TRV) it’s 685. Austronesian, Formosan, Atayalic. Indigenous language from northern Taiwan with 20,000 speakers. In 1930 the Seediq people... 25­ mataru idas x2022

In Sekani [Fraser Lake] (SEK) it’s 686. Athabaskan language spoken by a few dozen in British Columbia. Bitonal, contrastive nasalized vowels. T⁠he name... 25­ Dukai Ooza Dukai Ooza “Trout month” x2022

In Sekani [McLeod Lake and Tsek’ene] (SEK) it’s 687. Two other Sekani dialects. Left term is McLeod Lake; right, Tsek’ene. In Tsek’ene, when greeting a... 25­ Lhoowe inza x2022

In Selkup (SEL) it’s 688. Uralic, Samoyedic. Siberia’s Yamalo-Nenets region, 1500 speakers. T⁠he language has a uvular trill (IPA ʀ), which... 25­ куо1ат пỹ´ иррет [kuolat pü´ irret] куо1ат пỹ´ иррет [kuolat pü´ irret] “Month when the fish bask” x2022  ▭

In Serbian [Orthodox] (SRP) it’s 689. Serbian Orthodox Church tradition. Its non-Russian Cyrillic character Ђ / ђ represents the j sound in jar... 25­ петровски [petrovsky] петровски [petrovsky] “(Saint) Peter” x2022

In Serbian [Premodern/Folk] (SRP) it’s 690. Serbian folk tradition, pre-19th century. Many Turkish loanwords — 8000 or so — from the Ottoman... 25­ трешњар [trešnjar] трешњар [trešnjar] “Cherries” x2022  ▭

In Seri (SEI) it’s 691. Indigenous language isolate spoken by 720 in coastal Sonora, Mexico. Nine definite articles dependent on proximity... 25­ imám imám iizax imám imám iizax “Month when cactus fruit ripens” x2022

In Seychellois Creole (Seselwa) (CRS) it’s 692. French-based creole of Seychelles with Malagasy, Bantu, English, and Hindi loans, 70,000 speakers, its standardization maintained... 25­ zen x2022

In Shan (SHN) it’s 693. Kra-Dai language, tonal. Spoken in Burma, T⁠hailand, and China. Virtually all are bilingual with Burmese (q.v.)... ႒႕­ လိူၼ််ၸဵတ် [luntset] x႒႐႒႒ ▭

In Shawiya Berber (Tachawit) (SHY) it’s 694. Afroasiatic, Berber, spoken by the Chaouis of eastern Algeria’s Aurès Mountains. As ancient Numidia, this was... ⵔⵔⵦ­ yunyu / ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ xⴵⴵⵔⵔ⁠ⵏ⁠⁠ⵏ⁠

In Shawnee (SJW) it’s 695. An Algonquian language with fewer than 200 speakers in Oklahoma, originally native to Tennessee's Cumberland River... 25­ Mshkatiwi kiishthwa Mshkatiwi kiishthwa “Raspberry Moon” x2022  ▭

In Sheko (SHE) it’s 696. Afroasiatic, Omotic, Dizoid, spoken natively between the towns of Tepi and Mizan Teferi in western Ethiopia... 25­ tʼāāgn̄ ʔyatsʼn x2022 ▭

In Sherpa (XSR) it’s 697. Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Tibetic. Spoken by 150,000 in Nepal, Tibet, and Kashmir. Tonal. In 1953, Sherpa Tenzing... २५­ दावा टुक्पा / dāwā ṭukpā x२०२२ ▭

In Shinasha (Borna or Boro) (BWO) it’s 698. Afroasiatic, either North or South Omotic (depending on whose paper you take to heart) dialect cluster... 25­ mashatsi x2022

In Shixing (SXG) it’s 699. A scantily documented Sino-Tibetan, Qiangic language of the Sichuan and Tibet Autonomous Regions. Spoken by fewer... 25­ tɕho55ɬɯ55 x2022

In Shona (SNA) it’s 700. Bantu language spoken by over 8 million, official in Zimbabwe but also heard in Botswana, Mozambique... 25­ Chikumi Chikumi (alludes to time children glean leftovers from fields) x2022  ▭

In Shor [Mrassu] (CJS) it’s 701. Turkic. Both Shor dialects together claim 2800 speakers in Siberia’s Kemerovo Oblast, a mountainous, wooded expanse... 25­ ӧлең-тос айы [öleŋ-tos ayɯ] ӧлең-тос айы [öleŋ-tos ayɯ] “Grass month” x2022

In Shoshoni (Shoshone) [Eastern] (SHH) it’s 702. Uto-Aztecan family. In all dialects inclusive, natively spoken by 1000 in Idaho, Nevada, Utah, and Wyoming... 25­ Nagaraza Mea Nagaraza Mea “Half summer month” x2022

In Shuar (JIV) it’s 703. Aénts Chicham family, 35,000 jungle-dwelling speakers in Ecuador's Morona-Santiago and Pastaza Provinces. Not to be confused... 25­ Tsunki Tsunki (lord of water and shamanic powers) x2022  ▭

In Sicilian (SCN) it’s 704. Indo-European, Romance, combining heavy Arabic and Greek influence with pre-Indo-European roots. Other traits include its relative... 25­ giùgnu x2022 ▭

In Sikaiana (SKY) it’s 705. Malayo-Polynesian, spoken by 750 on the small, isolated atoll of Sikaiana in the Solomon Islands. Different... 25­ Tiuni x2022

In Silesian (SZL) it’s 706. West Slavic, spoken by half a million in Poland and the Czech Republic. Some authorities consider... 25­ červěc červěc “Red” (as produced from insect larvae) x2022

In Sinhala (Sinhalese) [Premodern] (SIN) it’s 707. Indo-European, Indic, 17 million speakers, Sri Lanka. Uses unusual, prenasalized consonants — a kind of m... ෨෫­ පොසොන් [poson] x෨෦෨෨ ▭

In Siona (Bai Coca) (SNN) it’s 708. Tucanoan family, spoken by 500 Siona people in Colombia and Ecuador along the Putumayo River. Franciscan... 25­ Ña'ñame'koro x2022

In Slavey [North] (SCS) it’s 709. Na-Dené, Athabaskan. Slavey as a whole has around 1800 speakers among the Slavey and Sahtu people... 25­ Eghé Sah x2022 ▭

In Slavey [South] (XSL) it’s 710. T⁠his Slavey dialect is heard principally in the MacKenzie region. It lists 1000 speakers. While a... 25­ Tsá Kats’enįwę zá x2022

In Slavonic [Old Church] (CHU) it’s 711. Indo-European, Slavic. Its earliest written form dates from Saint Cyril’s Glagolitic alphabet (left). Its successor... кє­ ⰋⰈⰑⰍⰟ / изокъ [izok] ⰋⰈⰑⰍⰟ / изокъ [izok] “Grasshopper” x҂вкв  ▭

In Slavonic [New Church] (CHU) it’s 712. Current liturgical language used in conservative Slavic European Orthodox churches and the American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese... 25­ і҆ꙋ́нїй [yúnyi] x2022

In Slovenian [Standard Premodern] (SLV) it’s 713. Indo-European, South Slavic, standardized from the Carniolan and other dialects during the 18th century. Not to... 25­ rožnik rožnik “Flowers” x2022  ▭

In Slovenian [Prekmurian Premodern] (SLV) it’s 714. Prekmurian is spoken in northeast Slovenia and western Hungary. It's sufficiently divergent from Slovenian that many... 25­ ivánšček ivánšček “Saint John the Baptist” x2022

In Slovenian [Resian] (SLV) it’s 715. From the Resia Valley in Italy's Udine Province and showing heavy Italic influences. Most of its... 25­ jonj x2022 ▭

In Somali (SOM) it’s 716. Afroasiatic, Cushitic. Employs vowel harmony and three tones, spoken in the horn of Africa and in... 𐒢𐒥­ bisha lixaad / 𐒁𐒘𐒉𐒖 𐒐𐒘𐒄𐒛𐒆 / بِشَ لِحَاد x𐒢𐒠𐒢𐒢 ▭

In Soninke (SNK) it’s 717. Niger-Congo family, Western Mande, official in Mali, Senegal, T⁠he Gambia, and Mauritania and also spoken in... 25­ سُوِنخَسُ / suwenxaso x2022

In Sora (SRB) it’s 718. Austroasiatic family, Munda, 410,000 speakers in Andhra Pradesh and the Ganjam and Gajapati districts of Orissa... 𑃲𑃵­ 𑃛𑃥𑃜𑃠𑃕𑃕𑃠 / puyjggaj 𑃛𑃥𑃜𑃠𑃕𑃕𑃠 / puyjggaj “Month to pull weeds” x𑃲𑃰𑃲𑃲

In Sorbian (Lusatian or Wend) [Lower Premodern] (WEN) it’s 719. Indo-European, West Slavic, spoken by 10,000 in lower Saxony (Brandenburg). Six noun cases. Mina Witkojc (1893–1975)... 25­ smažki smažki “Sunburn/hot” x2022

In Sorbian (Lusatian or Wend) [Upper Premodern] (WEN) it’s 720. Indo-European, West Slavic, spoken by 40,000 in upper Saxony. Seven noun cases -- one more than... 25­ smažnik smažnik “Hot” x2022  ▭

In Sotho (Sesotho) (SOT) it’s 721. Niger-Congo, Southern Bantu, spoken in Lesotho (where it's the official language) and South Africa. It's tonal... 25­ Phupjane Phupjane “A small holding back” (beginning of winter) x2022

In Sotho [Northern] (Sepedi) (SOT) it’s 722. Another dialect of Sotho spoken in South Africa, though actually more closely related to three other... 25­ Ngwato Bošego x2022

In Southern Min [Taiwanese Hokkien] (NAN) it’s 723. Sino-Tibetan, spoken by 13.5 million on coastal Taiwan. Unintelligible even with some other Min branch languages...    lio̍k lio̍k ( la̍k) go̍eh x    ▭

In Standard Moroccan Berber (Tamazight) (ZGH) it’s 724. Afroasiatic, Berber, standardized in 2011 through amendments to the Moroccan Constitution. ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵎⴷⵖ... ⵔⵔⵦ­ ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ [yunyu] xⴵⴵⵔⵔ⁠ⵏ⁠⁠ⵏ⁠

In Sudovian (Yotvingian) (XSV) it’s 725. Indo-European, Baltic, unfortunately extinct by 1600. It was mutually intelligible with Samlandish (q.v.). A major trove... 25­ berzelis x2022

In Sumi (Sema) (NSM) it’s 726. Sino-Tibetan, Angami–Pochuri. Spoken by 350,000 Sümi Naga in northeast India near the Burmese border. Unusually rich... 25­ Amha qhi x2022

In Sumo (Mayangna) [Northern, Tawakha] (YAN) it’s 727. Misumalpan family, 9000 speakers in Nicaragua and Honduras. T⁠his dialect is spoken at the mouth of... 25­ wasmâ waiku x2022

In Sumo (Mayangna) [Southern, Ulwa] (ULW) it’s 728. Another Sumo dialect with about 400 speakers in eastern Nicaragua. Rather than pry into a recipient’s... 25­ dapa waikaku dapa waikaku “Reed month” x2022

In Svan (Svanuri) (SVA) it’s 729. Kartvelian family — like Georgian, Mingrelian, and Laz (qq.v.) but the most divergent and furthest removed... კე­ იუ̂ანობ [iûanob] იუ̂ანობ [iûanob] “Saint John month” xცკბ  ▭

In Swazi (siSwati) (SSW) it’s 730. Niger-Congo, Bantu. Swaziland (official), Lesotho, Mozambique, and South Africa. T⁠hree tones, none expressed in writing. Upon... 25­ íNhlaba x2022 ▭

In Swedish [Traditional/Folk] (SWE) it’s 731. North Germanic, descended from Old Norse. T⁠his is its premodern terminology. Swedish, but not uniquely: Inhaling... 25­ sommarmånad sommarmånad “Summer month” x2022

In Syriac Aramaic (SYC) it’s 732. Afroasiatic, Northwest Semitic, used liturgically by Syrian Christians in Turkey, Iraq, Syria, and Armenia. T⁠hough they... ܟܗ­ ܒܚܙܝܪܢ [ḥzīrān] ܒܚܙܝܪܢ [ḥzīrān] “Boar” xܟܩܟܒ  ▭

↑ Back to alphabetic navigation   Return to the top ↑

In Tabasaran (TAB) it’s 733. Northeast Caucasian language spoken in two chief dialects by 126,900 in southern Dagestan as of 2010... 25­ мулух [muluh] мулух [muluh] “Sowing barley” x2022  ▭

In Tacana (TNA) it’s 734. Western Tacanan family, 559 native speakers out of 18,500 ethnic Tacanas living in the Beni... 25­ badhi sukuta x2022

In Tachelhit (Shilha or Sussian) (SHI) it’s 735. Afroasiatic, Berber, southern Morocco (or central Morocco, if you recognize its shaky claim on Western Sahara)... ⵔⵔⵦ­ ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ [yunyu] xⴵⴵⵔⵔ⁠ⵏ⁠⁠ⵏ⁠ ▭

In Tagalog [Pre-colonial] (TGL) it’s 736. Malayo-Polynesian, Central Philippine, spoken by approx. 70 million (28 million fluently). T⁠his is the endemic terminology... 25­ pangalan nang buang ikaanim sa lakad nang taon x2022 ▭

In Taita (Daw'ida) (DAV) it’s 737. Niger-Congo family, Bantu. 400,000 speakers in Kenya’s Taita Hills. Taita has three chief dialects, Daw’ida, Kasigau... 25­ Mori ghwa karandadu x2022

In Taki Taki (Sranan Tongo) (SRN) it’s 738. An English/Dutch/Portuguese/West African creole spoken by half a million in Suriname. Likely the world’s smallest vocabulary... 25­ Siksimun x2022 ▭

In Talinga (Lubwisi) (TLJ) it’s 739. Niger-Congo family, Bantu, 99,000 speakers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (where they call it... 25­ Kwamakaagha x2022

In Tamahaq (THV) it’s 740. Afroasiatic, Berber, Northern Tuareg language spoken in Algeria, western Libya, and northern Niger. T⁠hree dialects, 77,000... 25­ yunich x2022

In Tamambo (Malo) (MLA) it’s 741. Malayo-Polynesian, Southern Oceanic, West Santo, 4000 speakers on Vanuatu's Malo Island and Espiritu Santo. Plural pronouns... 25­ bongi viso tawera x2022

In Tamil (TAM) it’s 742. Dravidian family, India. Diverged from Malayalam in the 9th century CE. Pronouns offer several levels of... ௨௫­ زُونَ / ஜூன் [jūṉa] x௨௦௨௨ ▭

In Tanacross (TCB) it’s 743. Athabaskan language with approx. 30 speakers, Middle Tanana River, Alaska. Earliest written records of it date... 25­ wunenh ch’et’ą̌ą’ nesẖeegh wunenh ch’et’ą̌ą’ nesẖeegh “Month leaves grow” x2022  ▭

In Tangsa [Hakhun][Premodern] (NST) it’s 744. Sino-Tibetan, Brahmaputran, Konyak. Its Hakhun dialect, shown here, is spoken by 10,000 in India's Arunachal Pradesh... / chavi da x

In Tangut (TXG) it’s 745. Sino-Tibetan, Qiangic, of northwestern China but long extinct. Tangut’s 6800-odd character script dates from 1036. In... ⁠⁠⁠⁠ x⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠

In Tasawaq (Ingelshi) (TWQ) it’s 746. Tentatively assigned to Nilo-Saharan, Songhay, though heavily influenced by Hausa and Berber languages. Spoken in the... 25­ žuweŋ x2022

In Tatar [Central or Kazan] (TAT) it’s 747. Turkic, spoken in Tatarstan. Tatar is on the decline, being supplanted by Russian despite Tatarstan’s constitution... 25­ yün / یئون‎ x2022 ▭

In Telugu (TEL) it’s 748. Dravidian, Andhra Pradesh, the fourth most heavily spoken language in India. Like all Brahmic scripts, Telugu's... ౨౫­ జూన్ [jūn] x౨౦౨౨ ▭

In Tem (Kotokoli) (KDH) it’s 749. Niger-Congo family, Gur, Gurunsi, 340,000 speakers in Togo, Ghana, and Benin, tonal. T⁠he ɖ is retro­flex;... 25­ falaazɩ nɖɔ́kɩ x2022

In Temne (TEM) it’s 750. Niger-Congo, Bantu language spoken in Sierra Leone, four tones. Uses a modified Roman alphabet with the... 25­ Wṓfe̱ x2022

In Teso (Ateso) (TEO) it’s 751. Nilo-Saharan language spoken in Kenya, Uganda by 1.6 million. Not strictly tonal but shows con­trast­ive syllable... 25­ Omodok’king’ol Omodok’king’ol “Month for gathering mushrooms” x2022

In Tetum (Tetun) (TET) it’s 752. Malayo-Polynesian language with Portuguese influences, East Timor, 500,000 speakers. As of 2002, it and Portuguese are... 25­ juñu x2022

In T⁠hadou-Kuki (TCZ) it’s 753. An endangered Sino-Tibetan, Kuki-Chin language spoken by 230,000 in Manipur and Assam in northeast India and... 25­ lhadou x2022

In T⁠hai (THA) it’s 754. Kra-Dai family. T⁠hrough Buddhism, T⁠hai absorbed much Indo-European Sanskrit and Pali. T⁠he  ◌์marks a... ๒๕­ มิถุนายน / มิถุนายน [míthùnaayon] มิถุนายน / มิถุนายน [míthùnaayon] “A pair” (Gemini) x๒๐๒๒  ▭

In Tibetan (BOD) it’s 755. Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman. Agglutinative, bitonal, three speech registers: informal, polite/respectful, and religious/scriptural. Lhasa Tibetan also possesses mirativity... ༢༥­ ཟླ་བ་དྲུག་པ་ / [zla ba drug pa] x༢༠༢༢

In Tigrinya (TIR) it’s 756. Afroasiatic, South Semitic. Ethiopia & Eritrea, 9 million speakers, related to Blin (q.v.). Like English but... ፳፭­ ሰነ [sene] x፳፳፪ ▭

In Timbisha [Panamint] (PAR) it’s 757. Uto-Aztecan family, native to California's Owens and Death Valleys and parts of Nevada, 20 speakers at... 25­ naapaim müattsi x2022

In Tiriyó (Trio) (TRI) it’s 758. Cariban family, Taranoan, spoken by 2100 in Brazil's Pará State and in Suriname's Sipaliwini District. Its... 25­ juunipo x2022

In Tiwa [Southern] {New Mexico} (TIX) it’s 759. From the Tanoan family, spoken by 1600 at Isleta Pueblo and Sandia Pueblo, New Mexico and... 25­ San Juan Pa San Juan Pa “Saint John month” x2022

In Tlingit (TLI) it’s 760. Na-Dené family, USA Pacific Northwest, nearly extinct. Tlingit women traditionally wore lip plates. Since the language... 25­ At gadaxéet Dís At gadaxéet Dís “Birth moon” x2022  ▭

In Tobian (TOX) it’s 761. Malayo-Polynesian, Micronesian, Trukic, critically endangered, native to Palau's states of Hatohobei, Koror, and Sonsorol, 150 native... 25­ haworowari maham x2022 ▭

In Tocharian B (TXB) it’s 762. Tocharian was a branch of Indo-European, extinct since the ninth century, spoken in China’s Tarim Basin...  / meñe ṣkaste x ▭

In Tofalar (Tofa or Karagas) (KIM) it’s 763. Turkic, mildly tonal, closely related to Tuvan (q.v.), moribund with approx. 90 speakers in Russia’s Irkutsk... 25­ ӄызар ай [qɨzar ay] ӄызар ай [qɨzar ay] “Bear meat month” x2022  ▭

In Tok Pisin (New Guinea Pidgin) (TPI) it’s 764. English-based creole with 120,000 fluent speakers and another 4 million with L 2 proficiency, the lingua franca... 25­ numba sikis mun x2022 ▭

In Tokelauan [Traditional] (TKL) it’s 765. Malayo-Polynesian, approx. 4300 speakers in American Samoa (on Tokelau and Swains Island) and New Zealand. Tokelauan... 25­ Uluaki Utua x2022

In Tolowa (Siletz Dee-ni) (TOL) it’s 766. Na-Dené, Pacific Coast Athabaskan, natively extinct. Linguist Loren Bommelyn teaches Tolowa in Crescent City, CA. It... 25­ K’wee-staa-ni num-nii-man’s x2022

In Tonga (Nyasa) [Traditional] (TOG) it’s 767. Niger-Congo, Bantu, Botatwe (according to some) language spoken by 170,000 in T⁠he Republic of Malawi. Tonal... 25­ Ganda pati Ganda pati “Intense cold” x2022

In Tongan [Premodern] (TON) it’s 768. Malayo-Polynesian, Kingdom of Tonga, 187,000 speakers. Only one vowel per syllable, no clustered consonants. Tongan’s counting... 25­ Hilinga-kelekele Hilinga-kelekele “Laying earth” (digging yams) -or- ’Ao’ao x2022  ▭

In Trique [Copala] (TRC) it’s 769. Oto-Manguean family, Mixtecan branch, spoken in San Juan Copala, Oaxaca, Mexico and by migrants in San... 25­ yavii saguaá yavii saguaá “Month of Saint John” x2022

In Trique [Chicahuaxtla] (TRC) it’s 770. Trique dialect of 6000 in San Andrés Chicahuaxtla, Oaxaca, Mexico. Chicahuaxtla may be one of the... 25­ júnyúu x2022

In Tsafiki (Tsachila or Colorado) (COF) it’s 771. Barbacoan family, spoken by 2300 ethnic Tsachilas in Ecuador. Possesses mirativity and evidentiality — grammatical indicators... 25­ piyokuli lun pe x2022

In Tsez (Dido) (DDO) it’s 772. Northeast Caucasian, endangered, 15,000 speakers in southern Dagestan. Rich consonant inventory, but like others of its... 25­ ийун [iyun] x2022 ▭

In Tshangla (Sharchop) (TSJ) it’s 773. Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, spoken by 170,000 in Bhutan’s Trashigang district, Tibet, and Arunachal Pradesh in India. Rarely... ༢༥­ དཝ ཇུཀ་པ / dawa dʐukpa x༢༠༢༢ ▭

In Tsimshian [Coast] (TSI) it’s 774. Indigenous Tsimshianic family language spoken by around 240 in British Columbia and Alaska. Unusually wide consonant... 25­ Ha’ lila’x sima’ḵ’ooxs Ha’ lila’x sima’ḵ’ooxs “Time to harvest salmonberries” x2022

In Tsonga (TSO) it’s 775. Niger-Congo family, Bantu, 7 million speakers in southern Africa. Uses whistling sounds and a single click... 25­ Khotavuxika Khotavuxika “T⁠he clinging of winter” x2022  ▭

In Tswana (Setswana) (TSN) it’s 776. Niger-Congo family, Bantu; official in Botswana, Zimbabwe, South Africa. Like Gourmantché (q.v.), Tswana nouns divide into... 25­ Seetebosigo Seetebosigo “Month of travel by night” x2022

In Tuareg [Tamasheq] (TAQ) it’s 777. Afroasiatic, Berber, traditionally of the Kel Adrar people, a dialect/subset of Tuareg spoken by half a... ⵔⵔⵦ­ ⵢⵓⵏⵉⵓⵀ [yunioh] xⴵⴵⵔⵔ⁠ⵏ⁠⁠ⵏ⁠ ▭

In Tujia [Southern] (TJS) it’s 778. Sino-Tibetan, but unclassified within that family due to its extensive borrowing from neighboring languages. Tonal, spoken... 25­ lu21 jye33 x2022

In Tulu (TCY) it’s 779. Dravidian, of Tulu Nadu, southwest India. A second century Greek play, Mimítis filanthropías, features characters possibly...  / kaartel   kaartel “Dark” (refers to clouds or rain — Kannada) x  ▭

In Tumbuka (TUM) it’s 780. Niger-Congo, Bantu. Speakers in Malawi, Zambia, & Tanzania. Between 1.5 and 2 million speakers. Tumbuka was... 25­ Juni x2022

In Tunica (TUN) it’s 781. Isolate of central Louisiana, natively extinct since the 1948 death of Mr. Sesostrie Youchigant, but now... 25­ Tihikatahch’a Tihikatahch’a “Summer month” x2022  ▭

In Turkish [Standard] (TUR) it’s 782. From the Altaic family. Earliest inscriptions, eighth century CE, found in Mongolia. Turkish’s trade­mark undotted I... 25­ haziran haziran “Boar” -or- kiraz ayı “Cherry month” x2022  ▭

In Turkish [Meskhetian] (TUR) it’s 783. Dialect spoken by the Turkish Meskheti diaspora throughout Russia. Before Stalin's forced expulsions, the Meskhetian homeland... 25­ кирез [kirez] кирез [kirez] “Cherries” x2022

In Turkish [Ottoman] (TUR) it’s 784. Turkish of the Ottoman Empire before 20th century reforms. Ottoman Turkish borrowed over 80% of its... ۲۵­ حزیران / haziran x۲۰۲۲

In Turkmen 1 [Pre-Niyazov] (TUK) it’s 784 a. Altaic family, Turkic, Oghuz. Nine million speakers, largely intelligible with Azeri and Turkish. But unlike Turkish... 25­ iýun x2022 ▭

In Turkmen 2 [Post-Niyazov] (TUK) it’s 784 b. As decreed by President-For-Life Saparmurat Niyazov (1940 –2006) 25­ Oguz Oguz (legendary Turkmen nation founder) x2022  ▭

In Turkmen 3 [Post-Post-Niyazov] (TUK) it’s 784 c. Since 2008, back by popular demand! 25­ iýun x2022 ▭

In Tuscarora (TUS) it’s 785. T⁠hat last native speaker of this Northern Iroquoian language, Kenneth Patterson, died in 2020. Nominally its... 25­ kęnhyeháh x2022

In Tutchone [Northern] (TTM) it’s 786. Na-Dené family, North Athabaskan, about 350 native speakers of Tutchone as a whole. T⁠his northern subgroup:... 25­ Ezra ze Ezra ze “Moose calves month” x2022

In Tutchone [Southern, Aishihik] (TCE) it’s 787. Southern or Aishihik Tutchone is spoken in the Yukon communities of Aishihik, Burwash Landing, Champagne, Haines... 25­ N-t’ąy nzhā N-t’ąy nzhā “Leaf month” x2022  ▭

In Tuvan (TYV) it’s 788. A Turkic language with Mongolian loans spoken by 280,000 in the Russian Republic of Tuva in... ­ 𐰀𐰞𐰑𐰃 𐰀𐰖 / алды ай [aldı ay] x ▭

In Tuvan [Todzhu] (TUN) it’s 789. Northeastern dialect of Tuvan spoken near the upper course of the Great Yenisey River of Krasnoyarsk... 25­ bàk tozaar aj bàk tozaar aj “Birchbark peels badly month” x2022

In Tzotzil (TZO) it’s 790. Mayan family, Cholan-Tzeltalan branch, spoken by 400,000 in Chiapas, Mexico. T⁠he verb opens the sentence... 25­ hunyo x2022 ▭

↑ Back to alphabetic navigation   Return to the top ↑

In Uab Meto (AOZ) it’s 791. Malayo-Polynesian family, unusual gender distinctions, spoken by 800,000 Atoni people in Indonesian West Timor. Not counting... 25­ fun-ne’ x2022 ▭

In Udi [Traditional] (UDI) it’s 792. Northeast Caucasian, Lezgic, 8000 speakers in Russia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Armenia. Russian, Azerbaijani and Armenian... 25­ ехнахаш / exnaxaš [eχnaχaš] ехнахаш / exnaxaš [eχnaχaš] “Harvest month” x2022  ▭

In Udi [Old] (Gargarian or Caucasian Albanian) (XAG) it’s 793. Northeast Caucasian, Lezgic, genetically unrelated to Albanian. Dating from the 6th to the 8th cen­tur­ies, it... 𐔺𐔴­ 𐔱𐕒𐔹⁠𐕒⁠𐔺 [botč̓oy] 𐔱𐕒𐔹⁠𐕒⁠𐔺 [botč̓oy] “Dense” (?) x𐕌𐔺𐔱

In Udmurt (Votyak) (UDM) it’s 794. Uralic family, related to Komi (q.v.), 500,000 speakers in the central Urals. Natively lacks an f... 25­ инвожо [invožo] инвожо [invožo] “Summer solstice” x2022  ▭

In Ukrainian (UKR) it’s 795. Indo-European, East Slavic, Polish affinities. Unlike Russian, Г is pronounced as an h; hard g... 25­ червень [čérven’] червень [čérven’] “Red” (refers to insect larvae as source) x2022  ▭

In Ukrainian [Premodern] (UKR) it’s 796. Older Ukrainian. T⁠he character Ꙋ / ꙋ represents the u sound, rendered in modern Cyrillic as... 25­ кресень [kresen’] кресень [kresen’] ( flint/fire reference) -or- гедзень [hedzen’] “Gadflies” x2022

In Unami (UNM) it’s 797. Algonquian language of the New Jersey/Delaware area Lenape people, whose last native speaker, Edward T⁠hompson of... 25­ Kichinipen Kichinipen “Real Summer Month” x2022

In Upper Chinook [Clackamas] (WAC) it’s 798. From the Chinookan family of Northwest Oregon. Upper Chinook went extinct with the death of its... 25­ witcaka’ctilit x2022 ▭

In Upper Kuskokwim (KUU) it’s 799. Athabaskan, only 40 speakers (Alaska). Features an unvoiced n sound. Revival efforts currently underway through T⁠he... 25­ ch’itsno’o’ ch’itsno’o’ “Moulting month” -or- gasno’o’ “King salmon month” x2022

In Urhobo (URH) it’s 800. Niger-Congo, Edoid, spoken by half a million living near the Niger River or in boats on... 25­ asán x2022 ▭

In Uyghur (UIG) it’s 801. Turkic, loans from Persian, Russian, Chinese. Spoken in China’s Xinjiang region by 8-10 million. Not to... ۲۵­ ئالتىنچى ئاي / altinchi ay x۲۰۲۲ ▭

↑ Back to alphabetic navigation   Return to the top ↑

In Vai (VAI) it’s 802. Niger-Congo family, Mande. Tonal, 75,000 speakers, Liberia. Its syllabary writing system was devised by Momolu Duwalu... ꘢꘥­ ꖱꘋ / sôᶇ lɔndɔ x꘢꘠꘢꘢ ▭

In Venda (VEN) it’s 803. Niger-Congo family, Bantu branch. Spoken by 1.3 million speakers and understood by another 1.7 million in... 25­ Fulwi x2022

In Venetian (VEC) it’s 804. Spoken in and around Venice, also in Brazil's Rio Grande do Sul and the Mexican city... 25­ giugno x2022 ▭

In Veps (VEP) it’s 805. Finno-Ugric, approx. 6300 speakers mostly near the Gulf of Finland. It has 23 noun cases, the... 25­ kezaku kezaku “Summer month” x2022  ▭

In Vietnamese (Annamese) (VIE) it’s 806. Austroasiatic family, at one time written with Chinese-derived script called Chữ nôm as shown... 25 tháng sáu x2022 ▭

In Voro (VRO) it’s 807. Uralic, Finnic, related to Veps on the previous page, 80,000 speakers in southern Estonia. Unlike Estonian... 25­ piimäkuu piimäkuu “Milk month” x2022  ▭

In Votic (Votian or Vote) (VOT) it’s 808. Also Finnic, fewer than 20 speakers in two villages near Narva, Estonia. Like other Finnic languages... 25­ juuni x2022 ▭

↑ Back to alphabetic navigation   Return to the top ↑

In Wa [Parauk] (PRK) it’s 809. Austroasiatic, Mon-Khmer, spoken by 820,000 hilltop-dwelling ethnic Wa in T⁠hailand, Burma, southern China. Wa's scripts have... 25­ kʰiʔ lia̤h x2022

In Waali {Ghana} (WLX) it’s 810. Niger-Congo family, Gur, Moré–Dagbani, 140,000 speakers centered around the city of Wa and nearby villages in... 25­ ‘chiuri ayuobi daana x2022

In Waama (Yoabu) (WWA) it’s 811. Niger-Congo, Gur, Oti-Volta, spoken by 50,000 in Benin. Closely related to Mbèlimè and Moba (qq.v.). Most... 25­ coonwokiro coonwokiro (African locust bean seed pods now dry and make noise when shaken) x2022

In Wallisian (East Uvean) (WLS) it’s 812. Polynesian, spoken by around 10,000 on Wallis Island of Wallis and Futuna. Akin to Rennell-Bellona and... 25­ sūnio x2022

In Walloon (WLN) it’s 813. Indo-European, Romance, Langue d’oïl, native to Belgium's Wallonia region. Despite its traditional label as a French... 25­ di djun x2022 ▭

In Waorani (Sabela or Auishiri) (AUC) it’s 814. Language isolate spoken by 2000 mostly Huaorani natives in Ecuador's Napo, Orellana, and Pastaza Provinces plus... 25­ keningantede x2022

In Warao (WBA) it’s 815. T⁠his is an endangered language isolate spoken by 32,000 on Trinidad and along the northeast coast... 25­ waniku mojo matana jisaka x2022

In Waray-Waray [Premodern] (WAR) it’s 816. Malayo-Polynesian, Central Visayan, 2.6 million speakers, Philippines. Baybayin script shown. Waray-Waray uses a sound, the long... ­ ᜉᜓᜇᜓᜃ᜔ᜉᜓᜃᜌ᜔ / purukpukay x ▭

In Wayuu (Goajiro) (GUC) it’s 817. Arawakan family, Northern, spoken by 305,000 in Northwest Venezuela and Northeast Colombia. Vowels can be short... 25­ juunio x2022

In Welsh (Cymric) (CYM) it’s 818. Indo-European, Celtic, Brythonic. Over 700,000 speakers in Wales, England, Argentina, Canada, and the US. DD is... 25­ Mehefin Mehefin “Midsummer” x2022  ▭

In Winnebago (Ho-Chunk) (WIN) it’s 819. Siouan family, related to Chiwere (q.v.), native to an area stretching from Lake Michigan's southwestern shore... 25­ Mąą hinąʼų wiira Mąą hinąʼų wiira “Cultivating month” x2022

In Wintu (WNW) it’s 820. Wintuan family, Northern. Shasta, Siskiyou, and Trinity Counties, California; extinct though under revival by both tribal... 25­ painokisas painokisas “Manzanita (evergreen shrub) ripe moon” x2022

In Woleaian (WLE) it’s 821. Malayo-Polynesian, spoken by 1700 in the Federated States of Micronesia. While their language uses foreign loans... 25­ gawolouweli merame x2022

In Wolof (WOL) it’s 822. Niger-Congo language. Senegal, Gambia, Mauritania. T⁠he terms "okay" and "hep cat" may possibly have come from... 25­ maamu koor / مَامُ کٔورْ x2022 ▭

In Wutun (Ngandehua) (WUH) it’s 823. A preliterate Chinese/Tibetan/Mongolic creole with 2000 speakers in the villages of Upper Wutun and Lower... 25­ lek-yai x2022

In Wymysorys (Wilamowicean or Vilamovian) (WYM) it’s 824. West Germanic, on the brink of extinction but now under active revival in Poland... 25­ jū̇ni x2022 ▭

↑ Back to alphabetic navigation   Return to the top ↑

In Xhosa [Traditional] (XHO) it’s 825. Niger-Congo, Southern Bantu. Bitonal, with many unusual consonants including 18 clicks. T⁠hese features get a serious... 25­ iSilimela iSilimela “Pleiades” x2022  ▭

In Xincan [Jutiapa] (XIN) it’s 826. Actually a family of natively extinct isolates, still spoken by a handful in Guatemala as an... 25­ takal ʔawa x2022

↑ Back to alphabetic navigation   Return to the top ↑

In Yakut (Sakha) (SAH) it’s 827. Northern Turkic, grammatically genderless, spoken by 450,000 in the Yakutia Republic in northern Siberia. Its capital... 25­ бэс ыйа [bes ɯya] x2022 ▭

In Yanesha’ (Amuesha) (AME) it’s 828. Arawakan family. Spoken by approx. 7000 Yanesha’ in the Peruvian Amazon. Vowels are A, E, and... 25­ chechem̃ x2022

In Yangben (Central Yambasa) (YAV) it’s 829. Niger-Congo family, Southern Bantoid, spoken by 17,000 in Cameroon. Yambasa children typically learn French as their... 25­ ɔsɔn x2022

In Yapese [Marbaq/Yap] (YAP) it’s 830. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, 6000 speakers for all dialects inclusive on the Yap islands in the Federated... 25­ Wageagaay x2022

In Yaqui (Hiaki) (YAQ) it’s 831. Uto-Aztecan family, 17,500 speakers in Sonora, Mexico; another 430 in Arizona. Seven noun cases. Special feature:... 25­ busamet x2022 ▭

In Yi (Nuosu) (III) it’s 832. Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, spoken by 2 million ethnic Yi in China and Southeast Asia. Yi’s script is... 25­ ꃘꆪ / fut ma x2022 ▭

In Yi (Nuosu) (III) it’s 833. Alternate terminology. Yi mythology had its people fending off with torches the pests sent by an... 25­ ꈌꆪ / ke ma   ꈌꆪ / ke ma  “Dog month” x2022

In Yiddish (Judaeo-German) (YID) it’s 834. Old High German substrate with Hebrew, Aramaic, and Slavic loans, around 3 million speakers world­wide. It... 25­ יוני [yuni] x2022 ▭

In Yiddish (Judaeo-German) [13th Century] (YID) it’s 835. T⁠his is Yiddish from 1246–1247, one of the earliest known written records of Judaeo-German in existence... כה­ בראמנט [bramanet] בראמנט [bramanet] “Fallow month” xב׳כב

In Yimkhiungrü [Langa] (YIM) it’s 836. Sino-Tibetan, Central Naga, 83,000 speakers of all dialects inclusive in India’s Nagaland and adjacent. Accord­ing to... 25­ khihyeam x2022

In Yoruba (YOR) it’s 837. Niger-Congo family, spoken in Nigeria and Benin, tonal, language of the Oyo Empire (ca. 1300–1896). Left... 25­ عُوسُو عُوکُودُو / Oṣù Òkúdu عُوسُو عُوکُودُو / Oṣù Òkúdu (annual rites of passage for women) x2022  ▭

In Yugur, Western {China} (YBE) it’s 838. Turkic, Yenissei Turkic branch, 4600 speakers in China's Sunan Yugur Autonomous County. Not to be confused... 25­ ahltïnçï ay x2022

In Yukaghir [Tundra] (YKG) it’s 839. Of a moribund two-language family, spoken by several dozen in the Russian Far East, this is... 25­ чуоҕаймэ саҕундьилимэ [čuoɣaime saɣund’ileme] чуоҕаймэ саҕундьилимэ [čuoɣaime saɣund’ileme] “Spring thaw” x2022  ▭

In Yupik [Central Siberian] (ESS) it’s 840. Eskimo-Aleut family, Bering Strait area, about 1200 speakers — most of them on the US side... 25­ Pinaghvik / пинaђвик   Pinaghvik / пинaђвик  “Flowing rivers” x2022  ▭

In Yup’ik [Mid-Alaskan] (ESU) it’s 841. Of the Eskimo-Aleut family, the major Yup’ik dialect, 20,000 speakers, the second most heavily spoken indigenous... 25­ Cupvik Cupvik -or- Kaugun “Next to the gills” -or- Tengmiaret Irnitiit “Birds lay eggs” x2022  ▭

In Yup’ik [Chevak Cup’ik] (ESU) it’s 842. A Yupi’k sub-dialect of Hooper Bay, Alaska. Only a few speakers, critically threatened. Genderless. 25­ Kaugun Kaugun “Clubbing fish” x2022

↑ Back to alphabetic navigation   Return to the top ↑

In Zapotec, Isthmus (Juchitán Zapotec) (ZAI) it’s 843. Oto-Manguean, Central Zapotec, 85,000 speakers in Tehuantepec and Juchitán in Mexico's State of Oaxaca. Rich inventory... 25­ beu' San Antonio beu' San Antonio “Saint Anthony of Padua month” x2022

In Zapotec, Western Tlacolula Valley [Teotitlán del Valle] (ZAB) it’s 844. Documented in 2014 by linguist Brook Danielle Lillehaugen. Of Western Tlacolula Valley Zapotec's six dialects, Teotitlán... 25­ juny x2022 ▭

In Zarma (Dyerma) [Premodern] (DJE) it’s 845. Nilo-Saharan family, Songhay group, spoken by 3. 6 million in Southwest Niger. Adds Ɲ (N with left... 25­ bambana x2022 ▭

In Zaza (Zazaki or Dimli) [Premodern] (ZZA) it’s 846. Indo-European, Indo-Iranic, 2-4 million speakers, mostly in Turkey. First written in 1850 using a Perso-Arabic script... ۲۵­ هَزِرآن / heziran هَزِرآن / heziran “Boar” (Classical Syriac) x۲۰۲۲  ▭

In Zhuang (ZHA) it’s 847. Kra-Dai family, six tones, spoken in China’s Guangxi region. It has 16 chief dialects of widely... 25­ nin loekj x2022

In Zou (Zo or Zomi) (ZOM) it’s 848. Sino-Tibetan, Kuki-Chin, spoken by 82,000 in India’s Mizoram and Manipur (Zou) plus north­western Burma where it... 25  / muah hà x2022

In Zulu (ZUL) it’s 849. Bantu, widely spoken in southern Africa, controlled by the Pan South African Language Board. Its... 25­ uNhlangula uNhlangula “Redemption” x2022  ▭

In Zuni (Zunian) (ZUN) it’s 850. Language isolate spoken and vigorously supported by a reported 9620 Native American inhabitants of Zuni Pueblo... 25­ Yadokkya De′chikya Yachunne Yadokkya De′chikya Yachunne “Sun arrival month” x2022

---

Special thanks Aaniih Nakoda College academia.edu Adams, Douglas Q. (Tocharian B) Adiego, Ignacio J. (Carian) Aga, Cavid (Udi) Allen, Lorraine and Ritter, John (Tutchone varieties) Ansuharijaz (Frankish and Proto-Germanic reconstructions) Arka, I Wayan (Rongga) Atlasova, E.S. (Yukaghir) Aune, Doreen Sue (Chukchansi) Barbour, Julie (Neverver) Barlow, Russell (Ulwa) Bergelson, Mira; Kibrik, Andrej A.; Leman, Wayne; and Raskladkina, Marina (Ninilchik Russian) Biblioteca Nacional del Perú (Asháninka) Biesik, Florian (Wymysorys) Bija, Leah “Fifi” (Fuliiru) Black, Barbara Webster and Friends of Tobi (Tobian) Blench, Roger (many African languages) Boborenvanua, Chief Viraleo (Avoiuli script) Bodosa, Shyamal (Dimasa) Borna School Dictionary Boro, Krishna (Hakhun Tangsa) Bosma, Jelle (Kanada and Sinhala typefaces) Bouchery, Pascal (Apatani) Bright, William and Gehr, Susan (Karuk) Bugenhagen, Salme; Bugenhagen, Robert (Mbula) Burkova, S.I.; Koshkareva, N.B.; Laptander, R.I.; and Yangasova, N.M. (Nenets) Can, Dai Quang (Cham) Carlin (Eithne), Dr. E.B. (Arawakan languages) Cavid Ağa (Udi) Cedelio: La casa de las lenguas Cesarguanolema.files.wordpress.com Chibirov, Chibirov (Ossetian) Chin-dictionary.com (Lai Hakha Chin) Chinookjargon.com Chirkova, Ekaterina (Shixing) Coeur d’Alene Tribal School Coghill, Prof. Eleanor (Semitic languages) Comrie, Bernard and Maisak, Timur (Bagvalal) Crow Language Consortium Crowley, Terry (Austronesian) Cvc.cervantes.es Dafrik, Rois (Fula) Daudey, Henriëtte and Pincuo, Gerong (Pumi riddles) Davis, Nancy Yaw, Ph.D. (Zuni) Desmotsetdeslangues.eklablog.com Dicofranpro.llm.umontreal.ca Donner, William W., (Sikaiana) Dr. Goodword; Mr. Twister; and Daybreakwarrior (foreign tongue-twisters) Du Bois, Cora (Wintu) Dunbar, John (Pawnee) Durmaz, Orkan (Shor) Elegantlexicon.com Endangeredlanguages.com Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia Fahrenwaldt, Carl Albert (Unifraktur Maguntia typeface) Faure, Andrieu (Vivaro-Alpine Occitan) Firstvoices.com Fox, Charles E. (Arosi) French Institute of Oriental Archeology in Cairo (Coptic font) French National Library (13th century Yiddish) Fresno State University Friendsoftobi.org Gallagher, Steve (Bariai) Galo Welfare Society Garth, Thomas R. (Atsugewi) Gasanova, Marina and Salminat; Magomedova, Patimat Gippert, Jost (Old Udi) Github.com (localizations) Google Noto (Every free foreign font you can imagine) Gray, William (Kwamera) Green, Reynaldo Dolores Palacio (Miskito) Guampedia.com (Chamorro) Guérin, Valérie (Mavea) Hal.archives-ouvertes.fr HellenicLanguageBoy (Cappadocian) Hesquiaht First Nation Hoskins, Janet (Kodi) Huber, Juliette (Makalero) Illa-a.org (Network Solutions) Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Instituto Culturale Mòcheno Instituto Lingüístico de Verano (Chayahuita) Iris Iris (Tagalog) Ivens, Walter George, (Sa‘a and Ulawa) Jaimoukha, Amjad (Northwest Caucasian) Jones, Eliza; Kari, James; Buck, Mildred; Alaska Native Language Center Krauss, Michael E., (Eyak) Journal of the American Oriental Society (Sogdian) Kante, Solomana (N'Ko script) Karen [language] Teacher Working Group Kawnation.com/WebKanza Kosmynka, Borys (Rashi Hebrew) Kratochvíl, František and Delpada, Benediktus (Abui) Kri, Sokhep Lavrillier, Alexandra and Gabyshev, Semen (Evenki) Le Projet Babel (Vosgien Lorrain) Lewis, Orrin (Cherokee) Lewis, Paul (Akha) Lex.francois.free.fr Li, Yong-Sŏng (Shor)

Lin, Ying-Chin (Tibetan, Pumi, and other Qiangic languages) Lindstrom, Lamont and People of Samaria Village, Vanuatu (Kwamera) Lionbridge Technologies Translations Ma, Seng Mai (Wa) Magomedova, P.T., (Bagvalal) Marlett, Stephen A. (Seri) McCracken, Chelsea Leigh, (Belep) McWhorter, John H. and Good, Jeff (Saramaccan) Meankielensanakirja.com Merrifield, Judith and Merrifield, Scott (Loxrlavu) Michaud, Alexis (Qiangic languages) Ministerio de educación, Ecuador (Chimané) Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation Mitchell, Ben (Myanmar typeface) Mossang, Lakhum (Tangsa alphabet) Mulerasfireplace.com (east African) Native-languages.org Ndoko, Mola Mbua (Bakweri) Ninilchikrussian.com Nupepa-hawaii.com Ojibwe.net Olsen, Neil Hayes (Kơho) Ombewa, Kefa (Luo Lakeside Script) Omniglot.com Oodhamstuff.com Openaccess.leidenuniv.nl Openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au Orkay, Ongaye Oda, (Konso) Ossetians.com Overall, Simon E. (Jivaroan) Pandey, Anshuman (Old Sogdian script) Patsou’s Des Mots et des Langues Patterson, Rev. George D.D. (Beothuk) Pdfs.semanticscholar.org Peace Corps language handbooks Penrhyn.cookislandsdictionary.com Perry, David J. (Cardo typeface) Peterson, John (Kharia) Pomorska, Marzanna (Turkic languages) Postma, Gertjan (Brazilian Pomeranian) Powell, Jay (Nuuchahnulth) Pueblo of Zuni Qinglian Zhao (Naxi) Rahamasha.net (Sogdian) Ramamurti, Rao Sahib G.V. (Sora) Rapanui.gob.cl (Pascuanese) Rb.rowbory.co.uk (Nigerian languages) Rebelion.org (Chamí Emberá) Repozytorium.amu.edu.pl Robinson, Laura C. (Dupaningan Agta) Romani.uni-graz.at Rongmeiencyclopedia.wordpress.com Rubattu, Antoninu (Sardinian dialects) Runner, Jennifer (various greetings) Sahtudec.ca (Sahtu region languages) San Buenaventura, Fr. Pedro de (Tagalog) Sárközi, Alice and Ráko, Atilla (Altaica Budapestinensia MMII Proceedings) Sarlamthe.blogspot.com Schlichter, Alice (Wintu) Scholarsbank.uoregon.edu Scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu Schrock, Terrill B. (Ik) Scientistscrossroads.blogspot.com SEAlang Library (southeast Asian languages) Servicio de Información Mesoamericano SIL.org Simon Fraser University (B.C.) Simon, I.M. (Aka) Sino-platonic.org Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus Smelcer, Dr. John (Native Alaskan languages) Smith, Tony (Muyang) Soja, Rai (Puroik) Sorokina, I.P. and Bolina, D.S. (Enets) Souvenir calendar publishers (many) Stanonik, Marija (Resian) Steckley, John L. (Native American languages) Stkhofifah.wordpress (Kingdom of Goa) Swarthmore Talking Dictionary (Kharia, Hruso, etc.) Taiuru, Karaitiana (Maori) Tang, Apay (Truku dialect of Seediq) Tarumian, Ruben (Arian AMU Serif Armenian font) Teachers Pay Teachers (Gamilaraay) Teil, Erster, Slovinzisches Wörterbuch 1908 Thomas, Neil L. (Gaulish) Tomedes — Smart Human Translation Tregear, Edward (Mangarevan) Tsumada.ru (Languages of Dagestan) Tusaalanga.ca (Inuktitut languages) UC Berkeley Linguistics Dept. University of Alaska Fairbanks University of Helsinki Digital Repository University of Northern British Columbia Uriarte, Joseba Santxo (Basque) Van der Wal Anonby, Christina (Kumzari) Veder, William and Kempgen, Sebastian (Bukyvede Glagolitic and Old Cyrillic) Vlaski-zejanski.com (Istro-Romanian-Croatian) Weryackwe, Suzanne (Havasupai-Hualapai) Wichmann, Søren; Müller, André; and Velupillai, Viveka Wiegel, Peter (Gaelige typeface) Williams, David (Sora Sompeng typeface) Williams, Lee R, Ph.D. Your Friend In Reykjavik

---

---