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Monday 20 July 2026
Lilian day 2178387.8574

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After a good eight months of research, design, and coding, often over 14-hour days, “The Twelve Months of the Year in 850 Languages and Dialects (Mostly Ones You’ve Probably Never Heard Of)” has a fresh, new database. I’ve added many novel entries, hunted up thousands of translations and etymologies, brought in a whopping 70 foreign fonts, beefed up the profiles, and generously replenished its supplementary articles. Correspondingly, here’s my updated “Today’s date” page.


The entries still total 850, though. The newcomers displaced others whose sources weren’t up to snuff or who just didn’t seem to have as much to say. You can view the first 16 words of each language’s story below by rolling your cursor over its nameLanguage profile. Where you see a green lotus blossom () on those sections, rolling over the month termsTranslation, etymology, or characterization will reveal their characterizations. 1 They tell us a great deal about what is or was important to their underlying cultures.

j. JENUIER / LOUWMAAND
ij. FREUIER / SPROKKELMAAND
iij. MARCH / LENTEMAAND
iiij. AURIL / GRASMAAND
v. MAY / BLOEIMAAND
vj. JUING / ZOMERMAAND
vij. JUILLET / HOOIMAAND
viij. AUOUST / OOGSTMAAND
ix. SEPTĒBRE / HERFSTMAAND
x. OCTĒBRE / WIJNMAAND
xj. NOUĒBRE / SLACHTMAAND
xij. DECĒBRE / WINTERMAAND
<span class="generic-slide-caption" style="width:194px;"><i><aside>j. JENUIER / LOUWMAAND</aside></i></span> <span class="generic-slide-caption" style="width:194px;"><i><aside>ij. FREUIER / SPROKKELMAAND</aside></i></span> <span class="generic-slide-caption" style="width:194px;"><i><aside>iij. MARCH / LENTEMAAND</aside></i></span> <span class="generic-slide-caption" style="width:194px;"><i><aside>iiij. AURIL / GRASMAAND</aside></i></span> <span class="generic-slide-caption" style="width:194px;"><i><aside>v. MAY / BLOEIMAAND</aside></i></span> <span class="generic-slide-caption" style="width:194px;"><i><aside>vj. JUING / ZOMERMAAND</aside></i></span> <span class="generic-slide-caption" style="width:194px;"><i><aside>vij. JUILLET / HOOIMAAND</aside></i></span> <span class="generic-slide-caption" style="width:194px;"><i><aside>viij. AUOUST / OOGSTMAAND</aside></i></span> <span class="generic-slide-caption" style="width:194px;"><i><aside>ix. SEPTĒBRE / HERFSTMAAND</aside></i></span> <span class="generic-slide-caption" style="width:194px;"><i><aside>x. OCTĒBRE / WIJNMAAND</aside></i></span> <span class="generic-slide-caption" style="width:194px;"><i><aside>xj. NOUĒBRE / SLACHTMAAND</aside></i></span> <span class="generic-slide-caption" style="width:194px;"><i><aside>xij. DECĒBRE / WINTERMAAND</aside></i></span>

The book itself has an article in the back, Lingo Factinos I, showing samples of abjads, alphabets, abugidas, syllabaries, and logograms and outlining how they all work. Lingo Factinos II covers some ancient civilizations you don’t often hear about — in some cases, likely never — and how a weird-sounding alphabet connected to the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World recently got deciphered. 

You’ll also find out what traces some Japanese explorers might have left behind in the Americas, a good century and a half before Columbus. And what European language standard introduced in 1982 was pooh-poohed as a “test-tube baby” by its opponents. And where January is called uilal-bailiur, “when pigs go raiding gardens.” And on what month, at Malekula Island in Vanuatu, you’d better get ready to pass muster with your local Yam Master.


Now in case you haven’t been here for a while, heading terms below in parentheses ( ) are alternate names for a language, while those in brackets [ ] specify a particular subdivision or dialect. Curly braces { } narrow things down in cases where there are other languages with the same name. The video screen icon links (  ) visible on 394 of these entries will let you hear how they actually sound. 2 Here’s Abkhazian, for example, where you get to hear Rapunzel deftly negotiate 65 consonant sounds as she sings Yanbalagwa sa siphsthazaara? (When Will My Life Begin?).

Some of these languages are over 1500 years old. Regardless, they more or less followed along with the Julian calendar 3 to do as the Romans did. Examples include Etruscan, Tocharian B, Gaulish, and Pahlavi (Middle Persian). You’ll also see the Palmyrene of Queen Zenobia, who helped herself to several eastern Mediterranean provinces in the late third century when the Romans weren’t looking.

Round215a-pic1
Round215a-pic2
Round215a-pic3
Round215a-pic5
Round215a-pic4

Other entries move further into the medieval. Thirteenth century Yiddish is something you don’t see every day, any more than Gothic (flourished 3rd to 10th century), medieval Georgian (shown in its archaic Asomtavruli script), 14th century Picard (with, in the book, a quote by Da Vinci-like artist Villard de Honnecourt), Pecheneg (mysterious, poorly attested, gone by 1300), Old Udi (⁠gleaned but recently through x-ray scans), or Tangut (notorious for its byzantine, quasi-Chinese writing system).

Years shown are Gregorian. For organizational clarity and consistency, the chart displays each entry in the continental order of day, month, and year even where accompanying scripts read right-to-left.

I may not yet have all the foreign fonts working on this page (they all work beautifully when *I* look at them because my machine can serve them locally), so do let me know if you see a missing one I need to fix. Thanks.


Notes

1. Terms that just simulate their Neo-Latin equivalents, or operate as ordinals — “first month,” “second month,” etc. — don’t need explaining.

2. Some of these don’t necessarily match the dialects, but should give you a pretty good idea. If you happen across a good quality video I can link to for one or more of these languages yourself, do email it to me using “webmaster” at this domain or through the “Contact me” link below.

3. Virtually identical to our modern 12-month Gregorian, but with a less accurate leap year system.



In
Abaza (ABQ) it’s 1. Northwest Caucasian, 48,000 speakers in Russia and Middle East diaspora communities. Natively it uses 63 consonants...
20­ x2026  
In
Abenaki [Western] (ABE) it’s 2. Algonquian family. As of 1991, spoken natively by fewer than 20 in Odanak, Quebec, and others...
20­ x2026
In
Abkhazian (Abkhaz) (ABK) it’s 3. Northwest Caucasian, akin to Abaza, with around 100,000 speakers in Georgia's contested Abkhazia region. Its dialects...
­ xცკვ  
In
Abui (ABZ) it’s 4. Trans-New Guinea family, spoken by 17,000 on Alor Island in eastern Indonesia, just north of East...
20­ x2026  
In
Acehnese (ACE) it’s 5. Malayo-Polynesian, Chamic, 3.5 million speakers in Sumatra, Indonesia, specifically in Aceh Province that suffered the brunt...
٢٠­
بوليون توجوە / Buleuën Tujôh
x٢٠٢٦
In
Achuar-Shiwiar [Achuar Chicham] (ACU) it’s 6. From the tiny Aénts Chicham (formerly Jivaroan) family, spoken by around 7000 in Peru and Ecuador...
20­ x2026
In
Achuar-Shiwiar [Shiwiar Chicham] (ACU) it’s 7. T⁠he other dialect of Achuar-Shiwiar, spoken in ten communities. Since both Achuar and Shiwiar con­sider the...
20­ x2026  
In
Adele (Gidire) (ADE) it’s 8. Niger-Congo family, Kwa, geographically of the Ghana Togo Mountain languages, 37,000 speakers in Ghana and Togo...
20­ x2026
In
Afar (Qafár Af) (AAR) it’s 9. Afroasiatic, Cushitic. Spoken in Djibouti, Eritrea, and Ethiopia by 1.5 million. Ethiopic and modified Arabic scripts...
٢٠­
قَدُ دِرِّ / Qado Dirri
x٢٠٢٦
In
Aghem (Wum) (AGQ) it’s 10. Niger-Congo family, Bantu, Grassfields, 27,000 speakers (and increasing) in northwest Cameroon, informally taught in schools. Aghem...
20­
ndzɔ̱ŋɔ̱dùmlo
x2026
In
Aghul (Agul) (AGX) it’s 11. Northeast Caucasian, 30,000 speakers mostly in southern Dagestan. T⁠he strength with which certain consonants are articulated...
20­
букал [bukal]
x2026
In
Aguaruna (AGR) it’s 12. Aénts Chicham family, 38,000 speakers in Peru along the Marañón, Potro, Mayo, and Cahuapanas rivers. Aguaruna’s...
20­
kuntutin
x2026
In
Ahom (AHO) it’s 13. Kra–Dai family, language of the Ahom Kingdom of India’s Brahmaputra River Valley, presumed extinct by 1899...
𑜲𑜰­
𑜓𑜢𑜃𑜫 𑜋𑜢𑜄𑜫  [din chit]
x𑜲𑜰𑜲𑜶
In
Ahtna [Central] (AHT) it’s 14. Na-Dené, Athabaskan, around 80 speakers for all dialects combined, from Alaska’s Copper River. Incorporates about 100...
20­ x2026
In
Ainu (AIN) it’s 15. Aboriginal language of the Japanese archipelago, ancestry unknown, nearly extinct natively. As shown here, C is...
20
x2026
In
Aja {Benin-Togo} (AJG) it’s 16. Niger-Congo, Gbe, spoken by half a million Aja in Benin and Togo. Closely related to Ewe...
20­
gbɔnfwin
x2026
In
Aka (Hruso) (HRU) it’s 17. Believed to be an isolate albeit with Sino-Tibetan features, 3000 speakers in 21 scattered and isolated...
२०­
wuzu / वुजु
x२०२६
In
Akan (Twi) (AKA) it’s 18. Niger-Congo Language native to Ghana and Ivory Coast, also brought to South America by slaves. Ghanaian-born...
­
Ayɛwoho-Kitawonsa
x
In
Akha [Puli/Standard] (AHK) it’s 19. Sino-Tibetan, Loloish, 600,000 speakers in Burma's Shan State, northern Laos, and northern T⁠hailand. Five level tones...
၂၀ x၂၆
In
Alabama (Alibamu) (AKZ) it’s 20. A member of the Muskogean family, akin to Chickasaw and Choctaw (qq.v.), spoken in Texas natively...
20­
hasiholtina istontóklo
x2026
In
Albanian [Gheg ] (SQI) it’s 21. Of an Indo-European language with its very own branch, the larger of its two chief dialects...
20­ x2026  
In
Albanian [Premodern] (SQI) it’s 22. Traditional Albanian terminology, more colorful but now largely forgotten. Albanian verb forms express mirativity, the speaker's...
20­
juliu / يُلِو
x2026
In
Aleut [Atkan] (ALE) it’s 23. Eskimo-Aleut family, Aleut branch, native to the Alaskan Peninsula and the Aleutian, Commander, and Pribilof Islands...
20­ x2026  
In
Algonquin (ALQ) it’s 24. Algonquian family, closely related to (but divergent from) Ojibwe (q.v.), 1800 speakers in Quebec and Ontario...
20­ x2026
In
Altai (Gorno-Altai) (ATV) it’s 25. Turkic, Altai branch, around 50,000 speakers in Russia's Altai Republic where it’s official, converted from...
20­ x2026  
In
Aluku (???) it’s 26. A creole combining English, Dutch, African languages, and French that arose among escaped African slaves in...
20­
seybi mun fu baka yali
x2026
In
Alutiiq [Kodiak] (EMS) it’s 27. An Eskimo-Aleut language, indigenous to the Alaska and Kenai Peninsulas and Kodiak Island, with around 200...
20­ x2026  
In
Amharic (AMH) it’s 28. Afroasiatic, Semitic, 22 million, Ethiopia. “Good morning!” in Amharic is Inidemini aderachihu! with the -mini ending...
­
ሐምሌ [hamle]
x፳፳፮
In
Amis (AMI) it’s 29. Austronesian, East Formosan, spoken by an unknown number (out of a native population of 200,000) along...
20­
miheca pito
x2026
In
Anejom (Aneityum) (ATY) it’s 30. Malayo-Polynesian, Southern Oceanic, spoken by several hundred people on Aneityum/Anatom, Vanuatu's southernmost island. Vowel and consonant...
20­ x2026
In
Angami (Tenyidie) (NJM) it’s 31. Sino-Tibetan family, Angami-Pochuri, eight dialects, 130,000 speakers in India's Nagaland, listed as vul­ner­able by the United...
20­
Chādi o krö
x2026
In
Anii (Basila) (BLO) it’s 32. A Niger-Congo language spoken by 49,000 in Benin and Togo. Tonal, and like many Turkic and...
20­
alalaka kaŋɔrɔ
x2026
In
Ao Naga [Chungli] (NJO) it’s 33. Sino-Tibetan, Ao grouping, 130,000 speakers in Nagaland, North­east India. Chungli is considered the prestige dialect. T⁠he...
20­ x2026
In
Apache [Jicarilla] (APJ) it’s 34. Athabaskan family, New Mexico, about 500 speakers, tonal. Unusually rich sound inventory of 34 con­so­nants and...
20­
Gáadolo
x2026
In
Apache [Western] (APW) it’s 35. Athabaskan family, SE Arizona, 14,000 native speakers. Western Apache’s grammar calls on its speakers to indicate...
20­ x2026  
In
Apatani (Tani) (APT) it’s 36. Sino-Tibetan family, Western Tani, preliterate until recently, 45,000 native speakers in India's Arunachal Pradesh. Tonal, both...
20­
piije piilo
x2026
In
Arabic [Levantine] (APC) it’s 37. Afroasiatic family, Semitic. Descended from Ancient North Arabian. Arabic loans into English and other European languages...
٢٠­ x٢٠٢٦  
In
Arabic [Libyan] (AYL) it’s 38. An alternative terminology established under Muammar Gaddafi, used between 1969 and 2011. Aside from that, Libyan...
۲۰­ x۲۰۲۶  
In
Arabic [Moroccan] (Darija) (ARY) it’s 39. From the Maghrebi subgroup of Arabic, heavily influenced by Berber languages, French and Spanish. About two-thirds...
۲۰­
شهر سبعة  [šeher sebʿa]
x۲۰۲۶
In
Aragonese (Fabla) (ARG) it’s 40. Indo-European, Romance. Spoken by 25,500 in northern Aragon, endangered. Aside from some vocab­ulary, quite understandable to...
20­
chulio
x2026
In
Arapaho (ARP) it’s 41. Algonquian, Arapahoan branch, natively spoken by 1000, mostly living on the Wind River Reservation in Wyoming...
20­ x2026  
In
Armenian [Premodern] (HYE) it’s 42. Armenian occupies its own branch of Indo-European. Grammatically genderless, even pronouns (“he” and “she” are both...
Ի­ xՍԻԶ  
In
Aromanian (Vlach or Žejan) (RUP) it’s 43. A non-standardized Romance language spoken by a quarter million throughout the Balkans, Greece, and Turkey. Aromanian...
20­ x2026  
In
Arosi (AIA) it’s 44. Malayo-Polynesian, Solomonic, spoken by 6800 on Makira (San Cristobal) Island, east of Guadalcanal in the Solomons...
20­ x2026
In
Arpitan (Franco-Provençal) [Lyonnais Bressan] (FRP) it’s 45. Arpitan is a group of Gallo-Romance languages heard in parts of France, western Switzerland, and north­western...
20­
zhulyë
x2026
In
Arpitan (Franco-Provençal) [Savoyard] (FRP) it’s 46. An Arpitan dialect spoken by 35,000 around the historical Duchy of Savoy in western France and...
20­
julyèt
x2026
In
Arpitan (Franco-Provençal) [Stéphenois] (FRP) it’s 47. Locally called Parlâ Gaga, the Arpitan heard around Saint-Étienne in eastern central France, birthplace of composer...
20­
julliét
x2026
In
Asháninka (CNI) it’s 48. Arawakan family, 35,000 speakers in heavily forested areas of Satipo Province in Perú and Acre in...
20­
pariyabariiteri
x2026
In
Assiniboine 1 (Nakoda) (ASB) it’s 49 a. A Siouan language spoken by 150 or so in the northern US/Canadian Plains. Like Dalecarlian (q.v.)...
20­ x2026
In
Assiniboine 2 (Nakoda) (ASB) it’s 49 b. Alternative terminology. Ą́ba wašté né wópina wak’ú no! (“For this beautiful day, I give thanks!”)
20­ x2026
In
Asturian (AST) it’s 50. Indo-European, Romance, northern Spain (Oviedo/Gijón area), 350,000 native speakers. Its pre-Latin substrate shows Celtic elements along...
20­
xunetu
x2026
In
Atayal (TAY) it’s 51. Austronesian family, Formosan, Atayalic, indigenous language of northern Taiwan, 84,000 speakers. Male and female speech use...
20­
tay mpitu’ byacing
x2026
In
Atikamekw (ATJ) it’s 52. Algonquian family, Cree complex, 5500 speakers in southwestern Quebec. Unlike many New World indigenous languages, Atikamekw...
20­ x2026
In
Atong {India/Bangladesh} (AOT) it’s 53. Unlike many Sino-Tibetan languages, this one is non-tonal. Spoken by 10,000 in Northeast India and adjacent...
20­ x2026
In
Atsugewi (ATW) it’s 54. T⁠his (possibly) Hokan, Shasta–Palaihnihan language of California went extinct with the death of Medie Webster in...
20­ x2026
In
Austro-Bavarian (BAR) it’s 55. Akin to High German but highly divergent from it, using more Latin. Rural Austria, Bavaria, and...
20­
Juli
x2026
In
Avar [Folk] (AVA) it’s 56. Northeast Caucasian language spoken in Dagestan and Azerbaijan. It uses either Cyrillic or augmented Arabic script...
٢٠­ x٢٠٢٦  
In
Awa Pit (Cuaiquer) (KWI) it’s 57. Barbacoan family, seriously endangered, spoken by 13,000 on the Pacific slopes of the Andes in Colombia...
20­
tuiltuil
x2026
In
Aymara (AYM) it’s 58. South American indigenous language from the Aymaran family with only two members, the other being Jaqaru...
20­ x2026  



In
Bafia (KSF) it’s 59. Niger-Congo, Bantu, spoken by 60,000 in southwestern Cameroon. Mostly oral, but efforts at estab­lish­ing a written...
20­
ŋwíí akǝ táabɛɛ
x2026
In
Bagirmi (BMI) it’s 60. Nilo-Saharan family, approx. 45,000 speakers in Chad and Nigeria. T⁠his was the language of the Sultanate...
20­
Nap cili
x2026
In
Bagvalal (Bagulal) (KVA) it’s 61. Northeast Caucasian, seriously endangered, 1500 speakers in Dagestan's Tsumadinsky District. Features ejectives and nasalized vowels...
20­
ийу́лбос̄ӏ [iyúlboss̓]
x2026
In
Bahasa Banjar (BJN) it’s 62. Malayo-Polynesian, spoken by the Banjarese of South Kalimantan in Indonesia. To ask if someone speaks Banjar:...
20­
Juli
x2026
In
Bakweri (Kpwe or Mokpwe) (BGM) it’s 63. Niger-Congo, Bantu Zone A, 25,000 speakers living in villages along the slopes of Mt Fako in...
20­ x2026
In
Balochi (Baluchi) (BAL) it’s 64. Indo-Iranic language related to Kurdish (q.v.), 7. 6 million speakers. Unusually for Iranic, it’s genderless and uses...
۲۰­ x۲۰۲۶  
In
Bambara (BAM) it’s 65. Niger-Congo, Mande, Manding, spoken by 15 million in Mali. Bitonal, many French loans, mutually intelligible...
߂߀­
ߛߎߟߎߦߍ߫ ߞߊߟߐ/ zuluyé kalo
x߂߀߂߆
In
Bamum (Shümom) (BAX) it’s 66. Niger-Congo, Eastern Grassfields, with a bit over 400,000 speakers in Cameroon and Nigeria. Its native 80-character...
ꛧꛯ
/ Menou
xꛧꛯꛧꛫ
In
Bariai [Premodern] (BCH) it’s 67. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Ngero group, vigorously maintained, first described by outsiders in 1912. Virtually all 1400 speakers...
20­
apin paur
x2026
In
Basaa (BAS) it’s 68. Niger-Congo, Bantu. Four tones, 230,000 speakers in Cameroon, not to be confused with Bassa (q.v.). Proverb:...
20­
njeèbaè
x2026
In
Bashkir (BAK) it’s 69. Turkic language spoken by 1. 2 million, primarily in Bashkortostan between the Volga and Urals. Like all...
20­ x2026  
In
Basque [Biscayan] (EUS) it’s 70. Basque is that textbook language isolate spoken in and around the Pyrenees. A forebear was Aquitanian...
20­ x2026  
In
Basque [Guipuzcoan] (EUS) it’s 71. T⁠his Basque can be heard in Guipuzcoa, a tiny Spanish province at the eastern extreme of...
20­ x2026
In
Basque [Souletin] (EUS) it’s 72. Most divergent of Basque dialects, from the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département of France. Heavy Occitan (q.v.) influences, correspondingly...
20­ x2026  
In
Bassa (BSQ) it’s 73. Niger-Congo, Kru. Seven vowels with five tones each, spoken by 400,000 in Liberia and Sierra Leone...
20­
Káná-Nyíníí / 𖫑𖫧𖫰𖫐𖫧𖫰-𖫕𖫭𖫰𖫐𖫭𖫰𖫭𖫰
x2026
In
Batak [Toba] (BYA) it’s 74. Batak is a cluster of Malayo-Polynesian languages spoken in North Sumatra, from which 2 million speak...
20­
ᯘᯪᯇᯂᯀᯬᯇᯖ᯲  [sipaha opat]
x2026
In
Bats (Batsbi or Tsova-Tush) (BBL) it’s 75. Northeast Caucasian, Nakh branch but unintelligible with Chechen or Ingush (qq.v.). Spoken in the village of...
20­
მკატატ [mkatat]
x2026
In
Belarusian (BEL) it’s 76. East Slavic, closely related to Ukrainian  (q.v.). T⁠hough Belarusian is official in Belarus, only about 12%...
20­ x2026  
In
Belep (Nyâlayu) (YLY) it’s 77. Malayo-Polynesian, Southern Oceanic, 1600 speakers among New Caledonia's Belep Islands. Small sound inventory, four noun classes...
20­
mwanok pwanem nua pwadu
x2026
In
Bemba (Chibemba) (BEM) it’s 78. Niger-Congo family, Southern Bantu. Tonal, spoken by 4 million in Zambia, Republic of Congo, Tanzania. Nine...
20­
ichikungulu pepo
x2026
In
Bena (BEZ) it’s 79. Niger-Congo family, Northeast Bantu, spoken by 670,000 in south-central Tanzania. A Bena greeting for the first...
20­
pa mwedzi gwa saba
x2026
In
Beothuk (BUE) it’s 80. Possibly Algonquian, spoken by a reclusive indigenous Newfoundland tribe, extinct since 1829 with the death of...
20­
kowayaseek
x2026
In
Berta [Mayu] (WTI) it’s 81. Nilo-Saharan (tentatively), native to the Benishangul-Gumuz region of Sudan and Ethiopia. Of all five Berta dialects...
20­
zigí sqúllá julay
x2026
In
Bete [Eastern/Daloa] (BEV) it’s 82. Niger-Congo, Kru. Bété is spoken by 400,000 in the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire; this is one...
20­
napɛ ŋ́ɡ͡bisɔ leyi
x2026
In
Beti [Ewondo] (Kolo) (EWO) it’s 83. Niger-Congo family, Southern Bantu, tonal, with half a million speakers of this dialect in Cameroon. It...
20­
ngɔn zamgbála
x2026
In
Bezhta (Kapucha) (KAP) it’s 84. Northeast Caucasian, akin to Avar (q.v.) though not mutually intelligible with it, spoken by around 6800...
20­
ййул [yyul]
x2026
In
Biete (Biate) (BIU) it’s 85. A Sino-Tibetan, Kuki-Chin language spoken by 30,000 in northeastern India — Meghalaya, Assam, Mizoram, Manipur, and...
20­
Thlamur
x2026
In
Bishnupriya Manipuri (BPY) it’s 86. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indic, 120,000 native speakers in Bangladesh and Assam. Two dia­lects, Rajar Gang (“King's Village”)...
২০­
জুলাই / julai
x২০২৬
In
Bislama (BIS) it’s 87. English-Austronesian creole with 10,000 native and 200,000 non-native speakers, official in Vanuatu. Vocabulary is mostly English;...
20­
Julae
x2026
In
Blackfoot (Siksika) (BLA) it’s 88. Algonquian family, unusual pitch system, with about 5000 speakers in Montana and southern Alberta. Since Oki...
20
 / ókonokistsi’tssp
x2026
In
Blin (Bilen) (BYN) it’s 89. Afroasiatic, Cushitic, with 91,000-120,000 speakers around Keren, Eritrea. Akin to Tigrinya (q.v.) and Tigre, uses an...
­
ኰርኩ [kwerku]
x፳፳፮
In
Bonggi (Kamus Bonggi) (BDG) it’s 90. Malayo-Polynesian, North Bornean, 1400 speakers on the Banggi and Balambangan islands in Malaysia's Kudat District.
20­
buaidn turuh
x2026
In
Breton (Armoric) (BRE) it’s 91. Indo-European, Celtic, Brythonic. Classed by UNESCO as severely endangered. Spoken in Brittany, akin to Welsh and...
20­ x2026  
In
Bukhori (Judaeo-Tajik) (BHH) it’s 92. An endangered Persian ethnolect with Hebrew, Turkic, and Slavic loans spoken by 100,000 Bukharan Jews living...
כ­
איִיוּל / iyul / июл
xב׳כו
In
Bulgar (XBO) it’s 93. Turkic, Oghur, extinct since medieval times, unrelated to modern Bulgarian (which is Indo-European, South Slavic). Right-to-left-reading...
XX xMMXXVI
In
Bulgarian [Eastern Rup, 19th century] (BUL) it’s 94. Like Macedonian, Serbian/Croatian, and Slovenian (qq.v.), Bulgarian is a South Slavic language. T⁠his particular dialect comes...
20­ x2026
In
Bulgarian [Rhodope, pre-1945] (BUL) it’s 95. Another Bulgarian dialect, here from the Rhodope Mountains around Smolyan. T⁠he non-Russian vowel character Ѣ/ѣ...
20­ x2026  
In
Burgundian (Bourguignon-morvandiau) (???) it’s 96. Indo-European, Romance, endangered Langue d’oïl spoken in Burgundy. Not to be confused with East Germanic Burgundian...
20­
juyet
x2026
In
Burmese (MYA) it’s 97. Sino-Tibetan. Spoken in Myanmar/Burma, tonal. Unusual sounds such as an unvoiced m and n. Script consists...
၂၀­
ဇူလိုင် [zulaĩ]
x၂၆
In
Burum (Somba-Siawari) (BMU) it’s 98. Trans-New Guinea family, Finisterre–Huon, Western Huon, spoken by 9000 in Papua New Guinea's Morobe Province on...
20­
qandököhörök
x2026
In
Burushaski (BSK) it’s 99. A language isolate spoken by 90,000 in northern Pakistan and Jammu and Kashmir in India. T⁠hree...
20­ x2026  
In
Burushaski [Wershikwar] (BSK) it’s 100. Native to the Wershegum region of the Yasin Valley, spoken by some 20,000 of the 90,000...
20­ x2026
In
Buryat [Premodern] (BUA) it’s 101. Mongolic language akin to Mongolian and Oirat (qq.v.). Spoken in China, Mongolia, and eastern Russia. Its...
20­
долоодугаар һара / doloodugaar ḥara
x2026



In
Cappadocian [Mistiot] (Cappadocian Greek) (CPG) it’s 102. A blend of Byzantine Greek and Turkish, presumed extinct by 1923 but rediscovered in June 2005...
20­ x2026
In
Carrier (Dakelh) (CRX) it’s 103. Na-Dené family, Athabaskan. A few hundred speakers in the Yekooche First Nation in British Columbia. Carrier...
20 x2026
In
Catalan (CAT) it’s 104. Indo-European, Romance. Spoken in Catalonia, Valencia, the Balearic Islands, and the country of Andorra where it's...
20­
juliol
x2026
In
Cayuga (CAY) it’s 105. Iroquoian family, heard on the Six Nations of the Grand River Reserve in Ontario and the...
20­ x2026
In
Cerma (CME) it’s 106. Niger-Congo, Gur, 63,000 speakers in Burkina Faso and Côte d’Ivoire. T⁠hree dialects: Niangoloko, Banfora, and Soubakanié...
20­
fiɛcɔrŋo
x2026
In
Cham [Eastern] (CJM) it’s 107. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, 245,000 speakers in Cambodia and Vietnam, descendants of the Kingdom of Champa. Akin to...
꩒꩐­
ꨝꨤꩆ ꨓꨍꨭꨃꩍ / balan tachuh
x꩒꩐꩒꩖
In
Cham [Western] (CJA) it’s 108. T⁠he other main Cham dialect, 73,000 speakers in Vietnam. Eastern and Western Cham have diverged so...
٢٠­
بلان تجوه / blaan tajuh
x٢٠٢٦
In
Chamorro [Premodern] (CHA) it’s 109. Malayo-Polynesian, 58,000 speakers in the Marianas, about half in the US territory of Guam. T⁠his is...
20­
Semu
x2026
In
Chamí Emberá (CMI) it’s 110. From the Chacoan family, Emberá branch, 7800 speakers. T⁠he Chamí Emberá represent about 2% of Colombia's...
20­
‘ixawil julyo
x2026
In
Chang (Mochungrr) (NBC) it’s 111. Sino-Tibetan, Brahmaputran branch, 62,000 Scheduled Chang Naga tribe speakers in Nagaland, north­eastern India. Uses the Roman...
20­
Naklit
x2026
In
Chatino [Zona Alta] (CLY) it’s 112. Zapotecan language spoken by 23,000 in southern Oaxaca, Mexico, whose tonal system ranks among the world’s...
20­
ko' san ndiyan
x2026
In
Chayahuita (Shawi) (CBT) it’s 113. One of only two languages of the Cahuapanan family, spoken by 14,000 in Loreto in Peru’s...
20­ x2026
In
Chechen 1 (CHE) it’s 114 a. Northeast Caucasian family, Nakh branch, related to Ingush (q.v.), 2 million speakers. It features an unusually...
20­
چیله / чиле [čile]
x2026
In
Chechen 2 (CHE) it’s 114 b. A second alternative terminology for Chechen, inspired by the native Vainakh religion. Old Chechen saying...
20­ x2026  
In
Chechen 3 (CHE) it’s 114 c. T⁠hird alternative terminology for Chechen, secular and based on the seasons. A Chechen saying, equi­va­lent to...
20­ x2026  
In
Cherokee [Overhill] (CHR) it’s 115. Iroquoian family, Oklahoma. T⁠his is the Cherokee standard upon which Sequoyah based his unique script. Later...
20­ x2026  
In
Cherokee [Eastern] (CHR) it’s 116. T⁠he three chief dialects of Cherokee when Europeans first encountered it were Overhill, Eastern, and Lower...
20­ x2026
In
Chewa (Chichewa or Nyanja) (NYA) it’s 117. Niger-Congo family, Bantoid, spoken in Malawi and Zambia. Examples from Chewa’s extensive noun class system: frogs...
20­
mwezi wa Julayi
x2026
In
Cheyenne (CHY) it’s 118. Algonquian family. Four principal tones, three principal vowels (a, e, o) which in some cases can...
20­ x2026  
In
Chickasaw (CIC) it’s 119. Muskogean family, related to Alabama and Choctaw (qqv.), some 75 speakers total in Oklahoma, USA. California-based...
20­
Chulai
x2026
In
Chilcotin (CLC) it’s 120. Athabaskan, approx. 860 native speakers in central British Columbia, West of Williams Lake, along Highway 20...
20­ x2026
In
Chimané [Mosetén] (CAS) it’s 121. Language isolate (?) spoken by around 2000 north of La Paz, Bolivia. Same word used for...
20­
yuwutidye’yatyi’ ïwaj
x2026
In
Chinese [Hakka] (HAK) it’s 122. Sino-Tibetan. Spoken by 50 million in Taiwan, Southeast China, and diaspora communities worldwide. Unin­tel­li­gible with Mandarin...
20
[tit5 ŋiet6]
x2026
In
Chinook Jargon (Wawa) (CHN) it’s 123. A trading language that thrived in the Pacific Northwest during the 19th century. Combined Native American...
20
/ Shulai
x2026
In
Chiwere (Iowa-Otoe-Missouria) (IOW) it’s 124. Western Siouan, akin to Winnebago (q.v.), natively extinct since 1996 though there are some 40 mostly...
20­ x2026
In
Choctaw (CHO) it’s 125. Muskogean, related to Alabama and Chickasaw (qq.v.). South-Central USA, 18,000 speakers. Used by Code Talkers during...
20­
Chulai
x2026
In
Choyo (Queyu) (QVY) it’s 126. A Sino-Tibetan, Qiangic language of Yajiang and Xinlong Counties in Sichuan with approx. 7000 speakers. Choyo...
20­
da35wa55dẽ35pa53
x2026
In
Chukchansi (YOK) it’s 127. Of uncertain family, classified as Yokutsan and, by some, considered a dialect of Yokuts itself. Endemic...
20­ x2026
In
Chukchi (CKT) it’s 128. Chukotko-Kamchatkan family, about 10,000 speakers in extreme eastern Siberia. Genders are animate versus inanimate, there’s vowel...
20­
н′эййъилгын [n′eyy″ilgyn]
x2026
In
Chuukese (Trukese) (CHK) it’s 129. Malayo-Polynesian, Micronesian, spoken by around 50,000 ethnic Chuukese on the Chuuk Islands of the Carolines plus...
20­
Suunaaye
x2026
In
Chuvash (CHV) it’s 130. Turkic, spoken by a million people in the Urals. Features “hard” versus “soft” words. Genderless, agglu­tin­ative...
­ x  
In
Cimbrian (CIM) it’s 131. A Germanic language akin to Mòcheno (q.v.) spoken by approx. 2220 in Italy's Tyrol whose grammar...
20­ x2026  
In
Circassian (Cherkess) [Adyghe] (ADY) it’s 132. Northwest Caucasian, half a million speakers. Features 50-60 consonant sounds, mutually intelligible with the Kabardian dialect...
20­
бэдзэогъу [bǎdzǎoġ°]
x2026
In
Circassian (Cherkess) [Kabardian] (KBD) it’s 133. T⁠he other major Circassian grouping, also called East Circassian, though still mutually intelligible with Adyghe. It...
20­
бадзэуэгъуэ [bādzawaʁʷa]
x2026
In
Coeur d’Alene (CRD) it’s 134. Salishan family, Interior, Southern. Natively spoken by two elders as of 2014, though knowledge of it...
20­ x2026
In
Cofán (A’ingae) (CON) it’s 135. A seriously endangered language isolate spoken by 2400 Cofán people in Sucumbíos Province in north­east Ecuador...
20­
ta'va tetaite
x2026
In
Comanche [Eastern] (COM) it’s 136. Uto-Aztecan family, Numic; native to Texas, New Mexico, Kansas, Colorado, and Oklahoma; some two dozen speakers...
20­ x2026
In
Comorian [Maore] (Shimaore) (SWB) it’s 137. Niger-Congo family, Bantu. 80,000 speakers on the French islands of Mayotte. Traditionally (and still) written in...
٢٠­
jiwiye / جِوِیتٜ
x٢٠٢٦
In
Coptic (COP) it’s 138. Afroasiatic, Ptolemaic Egyptian. Extinct as vernacular, used for Coptic Orthodox liturgy. Greek-derived alphabet plus additional characters...
ⲕ̄­ xⲃ̄̄ⲕ̄ⲋ̄  
In
Cornish (COR) it’s 139. Celtic, Brythonic. Cornwall and Isles of Scilly, natively extinct but nowadays actively studied. In the Celtic...
20­ x2026  
In
Corsican (COS) it’s 140. Indo-European, Romance. Unlike Sardinian (q.v.), this language is interintelligible with Italian. An official survey concluded “86,800...
20­
lugliu
x2026
In
Cotabato Manobo [Dulangan Manobo] (MTA) it’s 141. Malayo-Polynesian, spoken by 30,000 in the Sultan Kudarat and South Cotabato Provinces of Mindinao, Philippines. T⁠he...
20­
huliyu
x2026
In
Cree (CRE) it’s 142. Algonquian family. Formerly creolized with French and Scottish Gaelic, related to Montagnais Innu (q.v.). Canada's Northwest...
20­ x2026  
In
Creek (Muscogee or Seminole) (MUS) it’s 143. Muskogean family, tonal with nasalizations and contrastive vowel lengths, 5000 speakers in Oklahoma and Florida. Mvskoke...
20­ x2026
In
Crimean Tatar (CRH) it’s 144. Half a million speakers. Although Turkic like Tatar (q.v.), Crimean Tatar is not considered a Tatar...
20­ x2026  
In
Croatian [Traditional] (HRV) it’s 145. South Slavic, spoken in Croatia, Bosnia Herzegovina, and parts of Serbia. Earliest writings date from 1345...
20­ x2026
In
Crow (Apsáalooke) (CRO) it’s 146. Siouan family, Western, as of 2007 spoken by 3500 in the Crow Nation in Southwest Montana...
20­ x2026  
In
Cuicatec (CUX) it’s 147. A language of the Oto-Manguean family spoken natively by 13,000 in western Oaxaca, Mexico. Tones are...
20­
ju2lio4
x2026
In
Cuman (Polovetsian) (QWM) it’s 148. Turkic language spoken by Cuman-Kipchaks in eastern Europe, died with its last speaker, István Varró, on...
20­ x2026  
In
Curonian (XCU) it’s 149. Extinct Indo-European, Baltic language spoken until the 16th century in parts of modern Latvia, Lithuania, and...
20­
juli
x2026
In
Czech (Bohemian) (CZE) it’s 150. West Slavic, distinct from but mutually intelligible with Slovak. Czech borrows more German; Slovak, more Hungarian...
20­ x2026  



In
Dagaare (DGA) it’s 151. Niger-Congo, Gur branch, spoken by 1.1 million Dagaaba people Ghana and Burkina Faso. Unusual consonant clusters...
20­
KyuuraayOpoisobO
x2026
In
Dakota (Dakhota) (DAK) it’s 152. Siouan family, mutually intelligible with Lakota. Critically endangered with around 300 speakers out of a population...
20­ x2026
In
Dalecarlian (Elfdalian) (OVD) it’s 153. North Germanic, endangered, originally expressed with Dalecarlian Runes. Unlike Swedish, with which it isn't mutually intelligible...
20­
ᛁᚢᛚᛁ / juli
x2026
In
Dalmatian (DLM) it’s 154. Extinct Romance language once spoken on the Adriatic east coast. Closest living relative is Istriot (q.v.)...
20­
giul
x2026
In
Dangaléat (DAA) it’s 155. Afroasiatic, East Chadic, 60,000 speakers concentrated in Migami Canton in Mongo, Chad. It features two vowel...
20­
gayuwa
x2026
In
Danish [Premodern/Folk] (DAN) it’s 156. North Germanic. Unlike sister languages Swedish and Norwegian, Danish uses a French-style uvular r. Unusually, it...
20­ x2026
In
Dan (DNJ) it’s 157. Niger-Congo family, Mande, 1.6 million speakers in Côte d’Ivoire and Liberia plus another 800 in Guinea...
20­
Ʒue
x2026
In
Deg Xinag (ING) it’s 158. Athabaskan language, virtually extinct with only 40 remaining speakers in the area around the lower Yukon...
20­ x2026
In
Denaakk’e (Koyukon Athabaskan)[Central] (KOY) it’s 159. Athabaskan family language spoken by approx. 300 in eastern Central Alaska. T⁠his is one of its...
20­ x2026  
In
Dena’ina (Tanaina) [Outer Inlet] (TFN) it’s 160. Dena’ina is an Athabaskan language spoken by a few dozen around Alaska’s Cook Inlet. Its over...
20­
qughuna ni’u
x2026
In
Dhivehi (Maldivian) (DIV) it’s 161. Indo-European, Indo-Iranic, uses its exclusive dextrosinistral (right-to-left-reading) T⁠hāna script which, unlike Arabic, always specifies vowels. Both...
20­
ޖުލައި  [julaʔi]
x2026
In
Digaro Mishmi (Darang or Taraon) (MHU) it’s 162. “Possibly” Sino-Tibetan, 35,000 speakers in India's Arunachal Pradesh and China's Zayü County. Four tones, not usually...
20­
55 lo53 weŋ53
x2026
In
Dimasa (Kachari) (DIS) it’s 163. Sino-Tibetan, Brahmaputran, akin to Kokborok and Garo (qq.v.), 137,000 speakers in India’s Nagaland and Assam. Bengali...
২০­ x২০২৬
In
Ditidaht (Nitinaht or Southern Nootka) (DTD) it’s 164. Wakashan family, Vancouver Island, virtually extinct natively. Ditidaht is one of the very few languages in...
20­ x2026
In
Djimini (Jinmini) (DYI) it’s 165. Niger-Congo, Senufo, pridefully supported by its 96,000 speakers in Côte d’Ivoire's Debakala depart­ment and in Burkina...
20­
kariwaga yeŋge
x2026
In
Dogrib (Tłı̨chǫ Yatıì) (DGR) it’s 166. Na-Dené, Athabaskan. Native to Canada’s Northwest Territories above Great Slave Lake, 2000 speakers, partially interintelligible with...
20­ x2026  
In
Duala (DUA) it’s 167. Niger-Congo, Bantu, spoken natively by 90,000, as an acquired language by 2 million, in Cameroon. Duala...
20­
madiɓɛ́díɓɛ́
x2026
In
Dukhan (No ISO code) it’s 168. A seriously endangered Turkic amalgam related to Tuvan, Buryat, and Tofalar (qq.v.) spoken, often mixed with...
20­ x2026
In
Dupaningan Agta (DUE) it’s 169. A Malayo-Polynesian language spoken in northeastern Luzon in the Philippines by some 1400 semi-nomadic Negrito hunter-gatherers...
20­
make-pitu a bulan
x2026
In
Duru [Dii] (DUR) it’s 170. Niger-Congo, Leko-Nimbari, Duru, 50,000 to 60,000 speakers in Cameroon. Dii Duru divides further into twelve recognized...
20­
wɔ̀ɔd
x2026
In
Dusun (Bunduliwan) (DTP) it’s 171. A Malayo-Polynesian language, standardized by the Kadazandusun Cultural Association Sabah, and spoken by 140,000 in Malaysia...
20­ x2026
In
Dutch [Old] (ODT) it’s 172. Indo-European, Germanic, 9th to 12th centuries CE. Literary examples: T⁠he Leiden Willeram, a com­men­tary on the...
XX­ xMMXXVI  
In
Dutch [West Flemish] (Vlaams) (ODT) it’s 173. Dutch dialect majority language of northern Belgium, spoken also in Hauts-de-France and Zeeland, by some 6.5...
XX­ xMMXXVI
In
Dyula (Jula) (DYU) it’s 174. Niger-Congo, Western Mande, East Manding, spoken by 6.9 million in Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, and Mali...
߂߀­ x߂߀߂߆
In
Dzongkha (Bhutanese) (DZO) it’s 175. Sino-Tibetan family, approx. 170,000 native speakers (and an additional 470,000 non-native) in Bhutan where it's the...
༢༠­
སྤྱི་ཟླ་བདུན་པ་ [spyi.zlaw.bdun.pa]
x༢༠༢༦



In
Edo (Bini) (BIN) it’s 176. Niger-Congo family. Spoken by 1.6 million in Nigeria’s Edo State who are largely Benin Empire des­cen­dants...
20­ x2026  
In
Embu (Kîembu) (EBU) it’s 177. Niger-Congo family, Bantu. Spoken by 320,000 in two dialects, northeast of Nairobi, Kenya. “How are you?”...
20­
Mweri wa mũgwanja
x2026
In
Emilian (EGL) it’s 178. A set of Gallo-Italic Romance dialects spoken in Italy (Emilia-Romagna region, Urbino, and Pesaro) and the...
20­
lój
x2026
In
Emilian [Ferrarese] (EGL) it’s 179. T⁠he Emilian heard in the Italian regions of Ferrara and Veneto, which includes the city of...
20­
lùj
x2026
In
Enets (Entsy) [Forest] (ENF and ENH) it’s 180. Moribund Samoyedic language spoken by 70 out of 260 ethnic Enets of Krasnoyarsk Krai in central...
20­ x2026  
In
English [Old] (Anglo-Saxon) (ANG) it’s 181. Indo-European, Germanic, spoken 5th to 12th centuries CE. Four noun cases; three genders; definite arti­cles were...
XX­ xMMXXVI  
In
Erromangan (Sie) [Folk/Traditional] (ERG) it’s 182. Malayo-Polynesian, Southern Oceanic, spoken by 1900 on Vanuatu's Erromango Island. Hardly any natives remember these archaic...
20­
Movcalpulpu
x2026
In
Erromintxela (EMX) it’s 183. A unique blend of Basque and Kalderash Vlax Romani (qq.v.) spoken by around 1000 Pyrenees-dwelling Roma...
20­ x2026
In
Ersu [Ganluo] (ERS) it’s 184. Sino-Tibetan, Qiangic, around 13,000 speakers in western Sichuan. Documented dialects are Eastern (to which Ganluo belongs)...
20­
tshı55i55ɬ ɑ33
x2026
In
Erzya (MYV) it’s 185. Uralic, Mordvinic, 37,000 speakers, akin to Moksha£ (q.v.). It uses the same alphabet as Russian, though...
20­ x2026  
In
Estonian [Premodern] (EST) it’s 186. Uralic, Finnic. Features three vowel lengths, 15 noun cases. Estonian and Finnish (q.v.) are mutually intel­li­gible...
20­ x2026  
In
Estonian [Southern] (Seto) (VRO) it’s 187. Closer to Võro (q.v.) than standard Estonian, spoken by 12,500 in the Setomaa region (Estonia/Russia). Germanic...
20­ x2026
In
Etruscan (ETT) it’s 188. Assigned to the hypothetical Tyrrhenian family, spoken on the Italian peninsula in classical times. Writ­ten right-to-left...
 𐌢𐌢 
x𐌠𐌡𐌢𐌢𐌌𐌌
In
Even (Lamut) (EVE) it’s 189. Tungusic, akin to Evenki as shown here, 5700 speakers in eastern Siberia — Sakha, Khabarovsk, Magadan...
20­ x2026  
In
Evenki (Solon) (EVN) it’s 190. Tungusic, related to Even in the previous entry but four times as many speakers. In descending...
20­ x2026  
In
Ewe (EWE) it’s 191. Niger-Congo family, tonal, spoken by 5 million in western Africa. Related to Aja and Fon (qqv.)...
­
Siamlↄm
x
In
Extremaduran (EXT) it’s 192. A Romance language of west-central Spain. Some differences from Spanish: Infinitive verbs end in L, questions...
20­
júliu
x2026
In
Eyak (EYA) it’s 193. Na-Dené, Athabaskan-Eyak, native to Cordova, Alaska, near the mouth of Copper River, extinct upon the death...
20­
’unahd ’iɬats’aats
x2026



In
Falam (Falam Chin) (CFM) it’s 194. Sino-Tibetan, Kuki-Chin, 107,000 speakers of four main dialects in Burma (Chin State) and India. Most Falams...
20­
thla sarihnak thla
x2026
In
Fang (FAN) it’s 195. Niger-Congo, Southern Bantoid, one million speakers predominantly in Equatorial Guinea and Gabon, beyond that in Cameroon...
20­
ngon-zambgwa
x2026
In
Finnish (FIN) it’s 196. Uralic, Finnic, 5.4 million speakers in Scandinavia and Russia. Preliterate until the 16th century, highly inflected...
20­ x2026  
In
Fon (FON) it’s 197. Niger-Congo, Gbe, related to Aja and Ewe (qq.v.). Spoken by 2.2 million in Togo and Benin...
20­
liya sùn
x2026
In
Fox (Meskwaki or Sauk) 1 (SAC) it’s 198 a. Algonquian, endangered, approx. 2000 speakers distributed through Oklahoma, Kansas, Iowa, and Coahuila (Mexico). It has two...
20­
chônâya
x2026
In
Fox (Meskwaki or Sauk) 2 (SAC) it’s 198 b. Fox as above, written with the Fox I script. T⁠his is an abugida -- halfway between...
20­
tt..ny
x2026
In
Fox (Meskwaki or Sauk) 3 (SAC) it’s 198 c. T⁠his is Fox written with the Fox II script, a true alphabet showing consonants and vowels...
20
x2026
In
Frafra (Gurenɛ) (GUR) it’s 199. Niger-Congo, Gur, Mooré, related to Mossi (q.v.), spoken by 720,000 in Ghana and Burkina Faso. Its...
20­
naara wõrga
x2026
In
Frankish (Old Franconian) (FRK) it’s 200. Germanic language spoken in France between the 4th and 9th centuries, evolved into Old Dutch (q.v.)...
XX­ xMMXXVI  
In
Frisian [West] (FRY) it’s 201. Indo-European, West Germanic, considered to be the closest foreign language to English. About 470,000 speakers in...
20­ x2026  
In
Frisian [West Schiermonnikoog] (FRY) it’s 202. Heard on the Island of Schiermonnikoog off northern Netherlands, seriously endangered with fewer than 100 speakers
20­ x2026
In
Frisian [North] (Mooring or Bökingharde) (FRR) it’s 203. About 10,000 speakers in the Schleswig-Holstein region of Germany. A North Frisian birthday greeting is Fan...
20­ x2026  
In
Friulian (FUR) it’s 204. Indo-European, Romance. Spoken by half a million in northeastern Italy near the Slovenian border — see...
20­
lui
x2026
In
Fula (FUL) it’s 205. Niger-Congo family, western Africa, official in Senegal. Most commonly written with the Roman alphabet, less so...
𞥒𞥐­ x𞥒𞥐𞥒𞥖  
In
Fuliiru (Kifuliru) [Premodern] (FLR) it’s 206. Niger Congo, Great Lakes Bantu, 400,000 speakers north and west of Uvira, Kivu province, Democratic Republic...
20­
Umwezi gwi Kigogwe
x2026
In
Fur (FVR) it’s 207. Tentatively attributed to the Nilo-Saharan family, spoken by 750,000 in South-Central Darfur in western Sudan and...
20­
Kuyweél
x2026
In
Futunan (FUT) it’s 208. Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by 6600 on Vanuatu's Futuna Island and in New Caledonia. Tiny Vanuatu itself...
20­
sulio
x2026
In
Fuyu Kyrgyz (Manchurian Kirghiz) (???) it’s 209. Turkic. Not a dialect of Kyrgyz, but instead closer to Khakas (qq.v.). Spoken by fewer than...
20­
čʰitʰï ay
x2026



In
Ga (GAA) it’s 210. Niger-Congo family, Kwa division, spoken in Ghana by over 8 million. Tonal, three contrastive vowel lengths...
­
Maawe
x
In
Gaelic [Irish] (Irish) (GLE) it’s 211. Indo-European, Celtic, Goidelic. Spoken as a first language along Ireland’s western coast, widely in Newfoundland until...
20­
Mí Iuíl
x2026
In
Gaelic [Scottish ] (GLA) it’s 212. Like Irish, also Celtic, Goidelic. Unlike Irish, Scots hyphenates its prefixes and applies grave accents to...
20­ x2026  
In
Gaelic [Scottish Archaic] (GLA) it’s 213. As Scots Gaelic above, but premodern. As shown here, an H in Goidelic script...
XX­ xMMXXVI
In
Gagauz (GAG) it’s 214. Turkic, Western Oghuz, 140,000 speakers in Moldova, Ukraine, Turkey, and Russia. Gagauz's oldest texts used the...
20­
ορακ αγη / орак айы / orak ayı
x2026
In
Galician (GLG) it’s 215. Ibero-Romance, diverged from Portuguese, spoken in Galicia in northern Spain, regulated by the Royal Galician Academy...
20­
xullo
x2026
In
Gallong (Galo) [Lare] (ADL) it’s 216. Sino-Tibetan, Tani branch, at least four dialects though likely more, 30,000 speakers. Arunachal Pradesh, northeastern India...
20­
`tenlo
x2026
In
Gallo (ROA-GAL) it’s 217. Indo-European, Romance, Langue d’oïl. Approx. 28,000 speakers in the upper Brittany region. Gallo bears some mutual...
20­
julhet
x2026
In
Gamilaraay (Kamilaroi) (KLD) it’s 218. Australian aboriginal language from the Pama-Nyungan family, Wiradhuric branch, native to northern New South Wales. Moribund...
20­ x2026
In
Garifuna (CAB) it’s 219. Arawakan language with French and Carib loans, Central America, 170,000 speakers. Men's and women's speech differ...
20­
sedü hati
x2026
In
Garo (GRT) it’s 220. Sino-Tibetan family, Brahmaputran, spoken by 1.15 million in the Garo Hills of Meghalaya and in parts...
২০­
বিল্সিনি স্নিগিপা জা / bilsini snigipa ja
x২০২৬
In
Gaulish (XTG) it’s 221. Indo-European, Celtic. Pre- and post-Roman France, extinct by the 7th century CE. Modern French uses several...
XX­ xMMXXVI  
In
Gciriku (Rumanyo) (DIU) it’s 222. Niger-Congo, Bantu, 36,000 speakers along the Okavango River in Angola, Botswana, and Namibia. Most Bantu languages...
20­
Nkûrupemba
x2026
In
Georgian (KAT) it’s 223. Kartvelian family, agglutinative, lacks an f sound natively. Akin to, but unintelligible with, Svan (q.v.). Each...
­
ივლისი [iwilisi]
xცკვ
In
Georgian [Old] (KAT) it’s 224. Georgian from around 800-1000 CE, original Asomtavruli script shown. A time-honored Georgian word is შემომეჭამა...
­ xႺႩႥ
In
German [Old High] (GOH) it’s 225. Earliest attested German language, ca. 500-1050 CE. Old High German — or something close — appears...
XX­
Hewimānōd
xMMXXVI
In
German [Early New High] (GER) it’s 226. T⁠he language shown on a 1665 calendar, at which time a written standard was well underway...
XX­
Heumond
xMMXXVI
In
German [Alsatian] (GSW) it’s 227. Indo-European, West Germanic. Alsace in eastern France. 900,000 speakers, all bilingual with French. Unlike High German...
20­
Jüli
x2026
In
German [Alsatian Folk] (GSW) it’s 228. Alsatian terms previous to, or aside from, the modern neo-Latin. Month characterizations echo those of other...
20­
Heumonat
x2026
In
German [Brazilian Pomeranian] (Pomerisch) (NDS) it’s 229. Not to be confused with West Slavic Pomeranian, this is a Portuguese-infused Low German dialect spoken...
20­
im Júli
x2026
In
German [Plautdietsch] (PDT) it’s 230. North Sea Germanic, Low German, akin to Dutch. Spoken in northern Germany, eastern areas of the...
20­
Jüli
x2026
In
German [Ripuarian] (Kölsch) (KSH) it’s 231. Indo-European, West Germanic, Central Franconian. Cologne area, around a million speakers. Its vari­ous subdialects can identify...
20­
Juuli
x2026
In
German [Walser] (WAE) it’s 232. Germanic, uppermost Swiss Alps, some 23,000 native speakers of nine (or so) highly divergent sub-dialects...
20­
Heiwet
x2026
In
Gitxsan (Gitksan or Gitsenimx) (GIT) it’s 233. Tsimshianic family, British Columbia, fewer than 1000 speakers, closely related to Nisga’a (q.v.). Under­scores (g/g̱...
20­
hlox̱sa ’wiihun
x2026
In
Gondi (GON) it’s 234. Dravidian family, spoken by 3 million in central India. Gondi has used several writing systems in...
𑶢𑶠­
𑵺𑶊𑵵𑶓 𑵰𑵺 / naalo man
x𑶢𑶠𑶢𑶦
In
Gothic (GOT) it’s 235. Indo-European, extinct by the 10th century though a descendant, Crimean Gothic, survived until around 1790. I-E’s...
𐌺­ x𐌱𐌹𐍂𐌺𐌵  
In
Gourmantché (Migourmantchema) (GUX) it’s 236. Niger-Congo, Gur, spoken by 900,000 in Benin, Burkina Faso, Niger, and Togo. Its nouns use circumfixes — prefix-suffix...
20­
cilele
x2026
In
Greek [Colloquial] (ELL) it’s 237. Indo-European, Hellenic. T⁠hese more descriptive terms saw use in rural areas. T⁠he chemical element praseodymium is...
Κ­ x‘ΒΚϜ
In
Greenlandic [Kalaallisut] (West Greenlandic) (KAL) it’s 238. Eskimo-Aleut, official in Greenland. T⁠hree more dialects are East (Tunumiisut), North or T⁠hule (Avanersuarmiutut), and South...
20­
juulip
x2026
In
Griko (Grecanic or Italiot Greek) (GRE) it’s 239. Variety of modern Greek, with which interintelligibility is described as poor, with 28,000 speakers in the...
20­ x2026  
In
Gros Ventre (Atsina) (ATS) it’s 240. Algonquian, Arapahoan language of the Gros Ventre people of Montana whose last native speaker was supercentenarian...
20­ x2026
In
Guahibo (Sikuani) (GUH) it’s 241. From the Guahiban family, 34,000 speakers in Colombia and in the Orinoco River area in Venezuela...
20­ x2026  
In
Guanzhong [Dungan] (DNG) it’s 242. A Sino-Tibetan language that, unusually, uses Cyrillic script. Even more unusually, it had previously used a...
20­
чийүә / ڞِيُؤ [čiyüә]
x2026
In
Guaraní [Paraguayan] (GUG) it’s 243. Tupian family. T⁠his is the standard Guaraní spoken in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay. Genderless. Oldest writings...
20­
jasypokõi
x2026
In
Guhu-Samane (Bia or Mid-Waria) (GHS) it’s 244. An isolate related to the Binanderean family, Papua New Guinea, five dialects recognized, all of 13,000...
20­
Dzurai
x2026
In
Guiqiong (GQI) it’s 245. Sino-Tibetan, Qiangic. A preliterate, only recently documented language with some 6000 speakers in Sichuan and Tibet...
20­
dε̃35pu53
x2026
In
Gullah (Sea Islands Creole) (GUL) it’s 246. English-based with Niger-Congo influences, principally from Sapelo Island off Georgia’s Atlantic coast. Its speakers refer to...
20­
Jooloy
x2026
In
Gungu (Lugungu) (RUB) it’s 247. A Niger-Congo, Great Lakes Bantu language with 49,000 speakers in Buliisa, Hoima, and Masindi districts in...
20­
Mweri̱ Gwamusanju
x2026
In
Gusii (Ekegusii or Kisii) [Premodern] (GUZ) it’s 248. Niger-Congo family, Northeast Bantu, 2.2 million speakers in western Kenya's Gusii district. Karie bike ...
20­ x2026  
In
Gusilay (GSL) it’s 249. Niger-Congo, Jola branch, spoken by 15,000 in Southwest Senegal. Its speakers also use other languages such...
20­
Fúriilo
x2026
In
Gutnish (Gotlandic) (???) it’s 250. Endangered North Germanic language some assign to its own sub-branch, spoken by 2000–5000 on the islands...
20­
jäuli
x2026
In
Gwere (Lugwere) (GWR) it’s 251. Niger-Congo, Great Lakes Bantu, 410,000 speakers in Uganda. Contrastive vowel length — long versus short. Omukali...
20­ x2026  
In
Gwich’in [Fort McPherson] (GWI) it’s 252. Na-Dené family, Athabaskan. Of all dialects inclusive, 600 speakers in Alaska and northwest Canada. Analyses of...
20­ x2026  



In
Haida (HAI) it’s 253. Language isolate native to the Haida Gwaii archipelago off the coast of British Columbia, with 14...
20­ x2026
In
Haitian Creole (HAT) it’s 254. Based on 18th century French with influences from other Romance languages, English, Taíno, and African languages...
20­
jiyè
x2026
In
Hakha Chin (Lai) (CNH) it’s 255. Sino-Tibetan, Kuki-Chin, Central, spoken by 450,000 in Burma, Bangladesh, India, and in western expat communities. Mutually...
၂၀­
ဇုလဲ ထ္လ / Julai thla
x၂၆
In
Harari (HAR) it’s 256. Afroasiatic, Semitic, approx. 25,000 speakers in Ethiopia. Originally recorded with Arabic characters, it now uses Ethiopic...
20­
سَاتِيخَا وَرهَي / sátí-khá warhay
x2026
In
Havasupai-Hualapai (YUF) it’s 257. Yuman family, around 1500 speakers of both dialects together in northwest Arizona. About 200 Havasupai (“people...
20­ x2026
In
Hawaiian [Premodern] (HAW) it’s 258. Malayo-Polynesian, Marquesic, 24,000 native speakers on the Hawaiian Islands. Like Māori , Hawaiian has no sibilants...
20­ x2026  
In
Hawaiian [Premodern Maui] (HAW) it’s 259. Premodern Hawaiian terms native to the Island of Maui. Hawaiian peculiarity: T⁠he words for “mother” and...
20­ x2026
In
Heiltsuk-Oowekyala [Heiltsuk] (HEI) it’s 260. Wakashan family, spoken natively by 60 people around Bella Bella and Klemtu on British Columbia's northern...
20­ x2026
In
Herero (Otjiherero) (HER) it’s 261. Niger-Congo, Bantu, spoken by around 200,000 of at least six different ethnicities in Angola, Botswana, and...
20­
Osuramazeva
x2026
In
Hidatsa (HID) it’s 262. Western Siouan, spoken by 200 in North and South Dakota and Montana. A relatively modest sound...
20­ x2026
In
Hiligaynon (Ilongo) (HIL) it’s 263. Malayo-Polynesian, Visaya group, spoken in the Philippines. T⁠he indigenous abugida script shown, Baybayin, dates from the...
­ x  
In
Hmong Daw [White Miao] (MWW) it’s 264. Hmong-Mien family, native to mountainous areas in SE Asia. T⁠his Hmong language has an unvoiced m...
𞅂𞅀­
𞄛𞄤𞄉𞄄𞄴𞄦𞄂𞄧𞄲𞄸 / Xya hlis ntuj
x𞅂𞅀𞅂𞅆
In
Ho (HOC) it’s 265. Austroasiatic, Munda, 1.4 million speakers in India’s Jharkhkand, Odisha, and West Bengal and in Bangladesh. Ho’s...
𑣢𑣠­
𑢾𑣁𑣉𑣁𑣓 / Sáoan
x𑣢𑣠𑣢𑣦
In
Holikachuk (HOI) it’s 266. Athabaskan language, central Alaska, extinct. It used 37 consonants, 7 of which were ejectives. Its last...
20­
Mininh K’ilagh
x2026
In
Homshetsi (Hamshen or Homshetsma) (HYW) it’s 267. Archaic Armenian dialect spoken by 14,000 in Turkey, preliterate until 1995. Homshetsi is only partially interintelligible...
20­
փեթել ամիս [petel amis]
x2026
In
Hopi (HOP) it’s 268. Uto-Aztecan family, approx. 7000 native speakers in Northeast Arizona. Bitonal with four distinct dialects, identified by...
20­ x2026  
In
Hrangkhol (Hrangkhawl) (HRA) it’s 269. T⁠his Sino-Tibetan, Kuki-Chin language is rated vulnerable with 19,000 speakers in India’s Assam, Tripura, Manipur, and...
20­
hmurpui
x2026
In
Hrê (HRE) it’s 270. Austroasiatic family, Bahnaric, Sedang-Todrah, 94,000 speakers among the Hrê/H're people of Vietnam's Binh Dinh, Gia Lai...
20­
khê tapèh
x2026
In
Huichol [Wixarika] (HCH) it’s 271. Uto-Aztecan language with 45,000 speakers, native to west-central Mexico. Creates long “sentence words” with prefixes and...
20­
curiu
x2026
In
Hungarian [Premodern secular] (OHU) it’s 272. Uralic family, closely akin to only two other surviving languages — Khanty and Mansi (qq.v.). T⁠his...
𐳼𐳼­ x𐳿 𐳿𐳼𐳼𐳻𐳺  
In
Hungarian [Premodern religious] (OHU) it’s 273. Church-based Hungarian of similar antiquity. Its Old Hungarian script, székely–magyar rovásírás, saw use in remote areas...
𐳼𐳼­ x𐳿 𐳿𐳼𐳼𐳻𐳺
In
Hungarian [Reform Era] (HUN) it’s 274. T⁠he Hungarian language during its nationalistic fervor of 1825-1848. As you can see by examining the...
20­ x2026
In
Huron (Wyandot) [17th-18th centuries] (WYA) it’s 275. Iroquoian family, Five Nations, Huronian, native to Quebec. As recorded by French Jesuits from the 1650s...
20­ x2026



In
Iatmül (IAN) it’s 276. Sepik family, spoken in four dialects by 8400 in the Sepik River Basin of Papua New...
20­ x2026
In
Iban (IBA) it’s 277. Malayo-Polynesian, spoken natively by 790,000 ethnic Dyak in Malaysia's state of Sarawak, Indonesia's province of West...
20­ x2026  
In
Icelandic [Premodern] (ISL) it’s 278. Indo-European, North Germanic, 314,000 speakers. Descended from Old Norse, its written form, if not its oral...
20­ x2026  
In
Idu Mishmi (Chulikata) (CLK) it’s 279. Sino-Tibetan, endangered. India’s Dibang Valley District of Arunachal Pradesh, three dialects. Proverb: Imu khege mey tapumme...
२०­
उ़ल़ुम् [ɨlɨlm]
x२०२६
In
Igbo (IBO) it’s 280. Niger-Congo, tonal, proverb-heavy, Nigeria. Origin of the word “okra.” Actor Chiwetel Ejiofor of Amistad and ...
20­
ónwa ásaàn’áfò
x2026
In
Ik (IKX) it’s 281. Nilo-Saharan, Kuliak branch, 7500 speakers in Uganda along Kenya’s northwest border, severely endangered. Features 4 implosive...
20­ x2026
In
Ingrian (Izhorian) (IZH) it’s 282. Uralic, Finnic language with only 120 speakers around Gulf of Finland. If it’s afternoon, an Ingrian...
20­
juuli
x2026
In
Ingush 1 (INH) it’s 283 a. Northeast Caucasian family, Nakh branch, tonal, spoken by 500,000 in the Russian republics of Chechnya and...
20­
кӀимаре [k ̓imare]
x2026
In
Ingush 2 (INH) it’s 283 b. Alternative terminology. During World War II, fearing their distinctiveness, Stalin mercilessly banished the Ingush along with...
20­ x2026
In
Inuktitut [Modern] (IKU) it’s 284. Eskimo-Aleut family, north of Canada's tree line. T⁠here are some 35,000 speakers and, unlike the case...
20­
ᔪᓚᐃ / Julai
x2026
In
Inuktitut [Nunavik] (IKU) it’s 285. A dialect of Inuktitut spoken in fourteen coastal villages of Nunavik — a semi-autonomous region occupying...
20 x2026
In
Inuktitut [Qikiqtaaluk] (IKU) it’s 286. Inuktitut terminology used in the Baffin Region. Seasons lag a month from Nunavik (q.v.). “How are...
20 x2026
In
Inupiaq [North Slope/Coastal] (IPK) it’s 287. Eskimo-Aleut family, extreme northwest Alaska. Including all Inupiaq dialects, there are about 2000 native speakers. Agglutinative.
­ x  
In
Inupiaq [Malemiut] (IPK) it’s 288. Inupiaq dialect native to northwest Alaska’s Kotzebue Sound, around the towns of Deering, Kivalina, Kotzebue, and...
­ x
In
Iraqw (IRK) it’s 289. Afroasiatic, Cushitic, spoken by 600,000 in Tanzania's Arusha Region. T⁠hree genders, sentences end with a verb...
20­ x2026  
In
Istriot (Rovignese) (IST) it’s 290. Closely related to extinct Dalmatian (q.v.), this Romance language is spoken by around 400 on Croatia's...
20­
loûio
x2026
In
Itelmen (ITL) it’s 291. Of Chukotko-Kamchatkan, the sole surviving Kamchatkan language, spoken by fewer than 100 in and around the...
20­ x2026
In
Iu Mien (Yao) (IUM) it’s 292. Hmong-mien family, spoken by 840,000 of a Yao subgroup Iu Mien, in China, Laos, T⁠hailand, Vietnam...
20­
cietv hlaax
x2026
In
Izere [Ibor] (IZR) it’s 293. Niger-Congo family, Plateau, 50,000 to 100,000 speakers total in Nigeria’s Fobur region northeast of Abuja. Of...
20­
Àbòròsh
x2026



In
Japanese [Heian] (OJP) it’s 294. Old to Middle Japanese dating from the Heian Period (794-1185). T⁠his was when the language was...
x  
In
Japhug [Kamnyu Village] (JYA) it’s 295. Sino-Tibetan, Qiangic, Rgyalgrongic, as spoken in Mbarkham County in Sichuan, China. Preliterate and, remarkably, non-tonal. To...
20­
βdɯnpa jamar
x2026
In
Jaqaru (JQR) it’s 296. With Aymara (q.v.), the other member of the Aymaran family, natively spoken by 740 in the...
20­
júliyu
x2026
In
Jarai (JRA) it’s 297. Malayo-Polynesian language akin to Cham (q.v.), spoken in Vietnam and Cambodia and by Vietnam War refugees...
20­
blan tơjuh
x2026
In
Jebero (Shiwilu) (JEB) it’s 298. Cahuapanan family, moribund, spoken by a few dozen elders. T⁠he Jeberos number around 2500 and live...
20­ x2026
In
Jemez (Towa) (TOW) it’s 299. From the tiny Tanoan family, spoken by 3000 exclusively in Jemez Pueblo, New Mexico. Tonal. Jemez...
20­ x2026
In
Jerba Berber (JBN) it’s 300. Afroasiatic, Berber, Zenati branch, spoken by 10,000 on the Tunisian island of Jerba — the supposed...
20­
yulyu
x2026
In
Jingpho (Kachin) (KAC) it’s 301. Sino-Tibetan, Brahmaputran with 900,000 speakers in Kachin State, Burma, and Yunan Province, China. Five tones, commonly...
20­ x2026  
In
Jju (Kaje or Kache) (KAJ) it’s 302. Niger-Congo, West Plateau, spoken by 300,000 Bajjus in Nigeria’s southern Kaduna state. Forms many plurals by...
20­
Hywan A̱tyirin
x2026
In
Jola-Fonyi (DYO) it’s 303. Niger-Congo family, Central Jola group, spoken by 410,000 in Senegal and T⁠he Gambia. T⁠he 2004 Oscar-nominated...
20­
súuyee
x2026
In
Jurchen (DTA) it’s 304. Extinct language from the Tungusic family which evolved into Manchu (q.v.) around the 17th century. T⁠his...
20
nadan biya
x2026



In
Kabiye (KBP) it’s 305. Niger-Congo, Gur, Grũsi. Tonal, ten noun classes, spoken by 1.2 million in Togo, Benin, and Ghana...
20­
lubɛ fenaɣ
x2026
In
Kabuverdianu (Cape Verdean Creole) (KEA) it’s 306. Oldest surviving creole, based on 15th century Portuguese, spoken by 870,000 on the island nation of...
20­
julhu
x2026
In
Kabwa (Ekikabwa) (CWA) it’s 307. Niger-Congo, Northeast Bantu, 14,000 speakers in Tanzania's Mara Region adjacent to Lake Victoria. Kabwa has 23...
20­
Musunjwe
x2026
In
Kabyle (Taqbaylit) (KAB) it’s 308. Afroasiatic, Berber, spoken in Algeria. Masculine nouns in Kabyle can be feminized, or made dimin­u­tive, by...
ⵔⵔ­
ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ [yulyu]
xⴵⴵⵔⵔⵦ⁠ⵏ⁠
In
Kaili [Ledo] (Ledo Kaili) (LEW) it’s 309. Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, native to Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Of the 13 Kaili dialects, Ledo, with 350,000 speakers...
20­
bula papitu
x2026
In
Kainji [Piti-Atsam] (PCN) it’s 310. Niger-Congo family, Platoid, native to Nigeria's Kainji Lake region. T⁠he 60-odd Kanji languages have around a...
20­
pen atariba
x2026
In
Kako (Mkako) (KKJ) it’s 311. Niger-Congo family, Bantu. Spoken by around 120,000 who are mostly Batouri and Ndélélé in Cameroon, including...
20­
kuŋgwɛ
x2026
In
Kalapuya (KYL) it’s 312. Tiny language family with three members, once spoken in western Oregon, extinct. Central Kalapuya's last speaker...
20­ x2026
In
Kalinga [Lubuagan] (KNB) it’s 313. Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Central Cordilleran. Kalinga is spoken by 110,000 Igorot people, 12,000 of whom speak this...
20­
way̶u
x2026
In
Kamba {Kenya} (KAM) it’s 314. Niger-Congo, Bantu, spoken in Kenya and Tanzania. First recorded in audio in 1911. Not to be...
20­
Mwai wa muonza
x2026
In
Kankanaey [Northern] (XNN) it’s 315. A Malayo-Polynesian language spoken on Luzon in the Philippines. Kankanaey has 240,000 speakers; Northern Kankanaey, 94,000...
20­
adawey
x2026
In
Kannada (Kanarese) (KAN) it’s 316. Dravidian family, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, 45 million speakers in India's Karnataka State and surrounding areas. It has...
೨೦­
ಜುಲೈ [julai]
x೨೦೨೬
In
Kanza (Kaw) (KSK) it’s 317. A language from the Siouan family spoken by the Kaw people of Kansas, natively extinct. Its...
20­ x2026
In
Kapingamarangi (Kirinit) (KPG) it’s 318. Severely endangered Polynesian language with around 3000 speakers on the Kapingamarangi and Pohnpei Islands of Micronesia...
20­
hidu malama
x2026
In
Kaqchikel (CAK) it’s 319. Mayan family, 450,000 speakers in Guatemala's Central Highlands. Kaqchikel intensifies adjectives by reduplication — repeating them...
20­
ruwuq ik’
x2026
In
Karachay-Balkar [Pre-modern] (KRC) it’s 320. Turkic language spoken by 240,000 in the Kabardino-Balkaria region of the North Caucasus and sev­eral other...
20­
жайны ал айы [džaini al ayi]
x2026
In
Karakalpak (Qaraqalpaq) (KAA) it’s 321. Turkic, akin to Kazakh (q.v.), approx. 400,000 speakers in Uzbekistan. Observes vowel harmony except with Russian...
20­ x2026
In
Karang (KZR) it’s 322. Niger-Congo, Bantu. Four dialects, 18,000 speakers in Cameroon. Adds letters Ɓ (B with hook), Ɗ (D...
20­
few vbor
x2026
In
Karbi (Mikir or Arleng) (MJW) it’s 323. Sino-Tibetan, though its position within that family remains speculative. Two main dialects, 500,000 speakers in the...
20­
jakhong
x2026
In
Karelian [Standard] (KRL) it’s 324. Uralic, Finnic, 36,000 speakers. Non-Karelians typically call it a Finnish (q.v.) dialect, though in fact Old...
20­ x2026
In
Karelian [Livvi/Olonets] (OLO) it’s 325. About 30,000 speakers, mostly clustered northeast of Saint Petersburg, adjacent to the eastern shore of Lake...
20­ x2026  
In
Karen [S’gaw] (KAR) it’s 326. From the Sino-Tibetan family, Karen divides into three branches: S’gaw, Pwo and Pa’o. S’gaw is spoken...
၂၀
/ [lah ghoh]
x၂၆
In
Karuk (KYH) it’s 327. Language isolate native to Northwest California's Siskiyou, Humboldt, and Del Norte counties. As of 2007, a...
20­
ahavarákuusrah
x2026
In
Kasena (Kasem) (XSM) it’s 328. Niger-Congo, Gur, 250,000 speakers in Ghana (where it's official) and Burkina Faso. T⁠he alphabets the two...
20­ x2026
In
Kaska (KKZ) it’s 329. Na-Dené, Athabaskan. Fewer than 300 native speakers in towns in the Northwest Territories, Yukon Territory, and...
20­ x2026
In
Katso (Kazhuo) (KAF) it’s 330. Sino-Tibetan, Loloish, 4000 ethnic Mongol speakers, Tonghai County in Yunnan, China. Eight tones. To help out...
20­
tshɿ32333
x2026
In
Kayan {Malayo-Polynesian} [Baram] (KCT) it’s 331. Malayo-Polynesian, spoken in central Borneo in two dialects of weak interintelligibility. T⁠he Bornean Kayan greeting "Have...
20­
bulan tusu
x2026
In
Kazakh (KAZ) it’s 332. Altaic, Turkic, akin to Karakalpak (q.v.). In 2017 Kazakh president Nursultan Nazarbayev decreed a com­plete switch...
20­ x2026  
In
Kemezung (Dumbo) (DMO) it’s 333. Niger-Congo family, Southern Bantoid, 4500 speakers in or about the villages of Dumbu and Kwei in...
20­ x2026
In
Kenyah [Lepo’ Tau] (XKL) it’s 334. Malayo-Polynesian, North Bornean, Kenyah, Highland B group. T⁠here are about a dozen Kenyah dialects spoken on...
20­
bulan tuju’
x2026
In
Keres (Keresan) (KEE/KJQ) it’s 335. Language isolate group spoken in New Mexico, tonal, with an extremely large consonant and vowel inventory...
20­
sina kisraiti
x2026
In
Ket (KET) it’s 336. Sole surviving language from the Yeniseian family, seriously endangered, 150 speakers in Siberia’s Yenisei River valley...
20­
сюйдоӄ ӄип [sjujdoq qip]
x2026
In
Khakas [Koybal] (KJH) it’s 337. Turkic language spoken by 43,000 (most of whom are bilingual in Russian) in the Khakassia Republic...
20­ x2026  
In
Khakas [Sagay] (KJH) it’s 338. Another dialect of Khakas. Saying: “Horses become acquainted by neighing, people by talking.”
20­ x2026
In
Khanty (KCA) it’s 339. Uralic language related to Mansi (q.v.) and Hungarian with 12,000 speakers in Russia’s Khanty–Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets...
20­
йәңк тӫй тыӆәс [yĕŋk tø̆y tyl̦ĕs]
x2026
In
Khanty [Eastern] (KCA) it’s 340. Eastern Khanty terms collected 1956-1957. T⁠hen as now, Khanty uses a single word for both blue...
20­ x2026
In
Kharia (KHR) it’s 341. Austroasiatic family, Munda branch, about 300,000 speakers in Nepal, mainland India, and the Andaman and Nicobar...
20­
idrel
x2026
In
Khasi (KHA) it’s 342. Austroasiatic family, Mon-Khmer, spoken by about one million in the Meghalaya state in India. Uses the...
20­
'nái-tung [naːj tuŋ]
x2026
In
Khmer (Cambodian) (KHM) it’s 343. Austroasiatic family, Mon-Khmer branch, heavy Sanskrit influences. Oldest inscription dates from 611 CE. Like T⁠hai, Khmer...
២០­ x២០២៦  
In
Khoekhoe [Nàmá] (HQM) it’s 344. Khoe family, 200,000 speakers all dialects inclusive in Namibia, Batswana, South Africa. Tonal; includes 20 clicks...
20­ x2026  
In
Khowar (Chitrali) (KHW) it’s 345. Indo-European, Indo-Iranic, 450,000 speakers mostly in Pakistan. Five dialects, month names can vary from one Chitrali...
۲۰­
پينى مور / pinimor  
x۲۰۲۶
In
Kiche’ (Quiché) (QUC) it’s 346. Mayan family, spoken by 2.3 million in Guatemala, 13 percent of whom are monolingual. T⁠he famous...
20­
uwuq ik’
x2026
In
Kiga 1 (Rukiga) (CGG) it’s 347 a. Niger-Congo, Central Bantu. Uganda and Rwanda. Prefixes indicate the class of a noun. For example, prefix...
20­
Okwamushanju
x2026
In
Kiga 2 (Rukiga) (CGG) it’s 347 b. Alternate Kiga terminology, considered “Classical.” Saying: Okukurabura akabi naba arimunywani wawe. (“He who warns you of...
20­ x2026
In
Kikuyu (Gikuyu) (KIK) it’s 348. Niger-Congo, Northeast Bantu, 6.6 million speakers in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. T⁠hree tones: high, low, low-rising...
20­
Mwere wa mũgwanja
x2026
In
Kiliwa (KLB) it’s 349. Yuman language, three pitch accents, northern Baja California. Four native speakers reported as of 2018, though...
20­ x2026
In
Kiowa (KIO) it’s 350. One of seven languages belonging to the Tanoan family, seriously endangered, 100 speakers in western Oklahoma...
20­ x2026
In
Kiribati (Gilbertese) (GIL) it’s 351. Malayo-Polynesian, Micronesian, 120,000 speakers. Its alphabet has 13 letters. "Kiribati" is pronounced keer-i-bass, as natively this...
20­
Tuurai
x2026
In
Koasati (Coushatta) (CKU) it’s 352. Muskogean language, tonal, spoken by 200 Coushatta people who live just north of Elton, LA and...
20­
colá:ya
x2026
In
Kodi (Kudi) (KOD) it’s 353. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, 20,000 politically isolated speakers on Sumba Island, Indonesia. In the manner of Celtic...
20­ x2026  
In
Koho (KPM) it’s 354. Austroasiatic, Bahnaric, twelve dialects, 200,000 speakers in Vietnam's Lâm Đồng Province. Con­trast­ive vowel length; prefix tön-...
20­
kəənhaj pɔh
x2026
In
Kokborok (Tripuri) (TRP) it’s 355. Sino-Tibetan language of India and Bangladesh, spoken by 900,000. Uses high and low tones. Its speakers...
20­
taltuk
x2026
In
Kom (BKM) it’s 356. Niger-Congo, Northwest Cameroon. Most of its 127,000 speakers are bilingual with English. Although Kom is tri-tonal...
20­ x2026
In
Komi (Komi-Ziryan) (KPV) it’s 357. Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Permic, akin to Udmurt (q.v.). Spoken by 160,000 in Russia’s Komi Republic. T⁠he Old...
20­ x2026  
In
Komo {Nilo-Saharan} (XOM) it’s 358. Nilo-Saharan (possibly), Koman; 10,000 speakers in Sudan, 8500 in Ethiopia. T⁠hree tones, uses ejective and implosive...
20­
pay kkosh kkolo ayakgɨ dde
x2026
In
Kongo (KON) it’s 359. Niger-Congo, Bantu, spoken by over six million in Angola and both Congos. T⁠he words “zombie” and...
20­
sánza ya sámbó
x2026
In
Konso (KXC) it’s 360. Afroasiatic, Cushitic, spoken by 240,000 south of Lake Chamo in Ethiopia. Serves as a lingua franca...
20­
olχolaʃa
x2026
In
Korku (KFQ) it’s 361. Austroasiatic, Munda. 727,133 speakers in rural central and eastern India. Rapidly losing ground to Hindi, UNESCO...
20­ x2026
In
Kosraean (Kusaiean) (KOS) it’s 362. Malayo-Polynesian, Micronesian, spoken by 8000 on Kosrae of the Caroline Islands (where it's the official language)...
20­
sulace
x2026
In
Kpelle (KPE) it’s 363. Niger-Congo, Western Mande, 1.3 million speakers total in Guinea and Liberia. T⁠hree dialects, three tones. When...
20­
Gbɔyɔɔi
x2026
In
Kposo (Ikposo) (KPO) it’s 364. Niger-Congo, Kwa, 160,000 speakers in Togo and Ghana. Consonant clusters kp and gb frequently occur, along...
20­ x2026
In
Ksingmul (PUO) it’s 365. Austroasiatic, Mon-Khmer, spoken by 27,000 ethnic Ksingmul (Xinh Mul in Vietnamese) in Sơn La and...
20­
bluən cet
x2026
In
Kumandin (???) it’s 366. Turkic, East Uyghur (or Altai, according to some) branch, approx. 1000 speakers among the Sayan Moun­tains...
20­ x2026
In
Kumyk (KUM) it’s 367. A Turkic language related to Karachay-Balkar (q.v.), spoken by approx. 400,000 in Dagestan. Influenced by Northeast...
20­
инныр / اِنِّر    [innır]
x2026
In
Kumzari (ZUM) it’s 368. Indo-European, Indo-Iranic, preliterate, spoken by 4000-5000 on northern Oman’s Musandam Peninsula on the Strait of Hormuz...
۲۰­
ما أفت / mā aft
x۲۰۲۶
In
Kuna (Cuna or Guna) (CUK) it’s 369. Chibchan family, spoken by 60,000 Kuna people of Panama's San Blas Islands and the northern coast...
20­ x2026
In
Kurdish [Kurmanji/North] (KMR) it’s 370. Indo-European family, Indo-Iranic. Of the 25 million in the Middle East for all dialects inclusive, 75%...
20­
tîrmeh
x2026
In
Kurdish [Kurmanji/North/Yazidi] (KMR) it’s 371. While Kurdish Gregorian month terminology follows no particular standard, this is a version typically associated with...
20
 / tîrme
x2026
In
Kurdish [Sorani/South] (CKB) it’s 372. T⁠he Kurdish dialect second in number of speakers to Kurmanji. Sorani uses a modified Arabic script...
۲۰­ x۲۰۲۶  
In
Kusasi (Kusaal) [Western or Mowed] (KUS) it’s 373. Niger-Congo, Gur, 17,000 speakers in Burkina Faso. Tonal. T⁠here's also an Eastern dialect, spoken in neighboring...
20­ x2026
In
Kutenai (Ktunaxa) (KUT) it’s 374. Language isolate spoken by 100 in British Columbia, Montana, and Idaho. No distinction between voiced versus...
20­ x2026
In
Kuu-Kizhi (???) it’s 375. Turkic, Central Turkic, Northern Altai. Around 2000 speakers in Russia's Altai Republic along the Lebed’ River...
20­ x2026
In
Kven (FKV) it’s 376. A seriously endangered Finnic language spoken by a few thousand mostly in the communities of Storfjord...
20­
juulikuu
x2026
In
Kwamera (Ni̵fe) (TNK) it’s 377. Malayo-Polynesian, Southern Melanesian, spoken by 2000 or so within sight of Yasur Volcano on Tanna, Vanuatu...
20­
Kamneru
x2026
In
Kwangali (KWN) it’s 378. Niger-Congo family, Bantu, spoken by 84,000 in the Okavango River area of Namibia and Angola. Unusually...
20­
Pembankuru
x2026
In
Kyrgyz (KIR) it’s 379. Turkic, Kipchak, spoken by 4 million in Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and China. First written with Old...
20­
теке / teke / تهکه
x2026



In
Lach (???) it’s 380. Either a dialect of Czech, Polish, or Silesian — depending on whom you’d rather please. Óndra...
20­ x2026
In
Ladakhi (Bhoti or Balti) (LBJ) it’s 381. Sino-Tibetan language spoken by around 130,000 in India, Nepal, China, and Pakistan. Ladakhi and Tibetan are...
20­
dawa dun pa
x2026
In
Ladin [Badiotto] (LLD) it’s 382. Ladin (pronounced la-deen), not to be confused with Ladino, is a Romance language related to Romansh...
20­
lugio
x2026
In
Ladin [Cadorean] (LLD) it’s 383. T⁠he Ladin dialect heard in Cadore in the Italian province of Belluno bordering on Austria. While...
20­
luio
x2026
In
Ladin [Fassa Valley] (LLD) it’s 384. Another Ladin dialect, spoken in the Italian Alpine province of Trentino. Singer Martina Iori, winner of...
20­
messèl
x2026
In
Ladin [Gardenese] (LLD) it’s 385. A fourth Ladin dialect, 8000 speakers in Val Gardena. Kurat Josef Anton Vian published the first...
20­
messel
x2026
In
Ladin [Nones] (LLD) it’s 386. A fifth Ladin dialect, spoken in the Non Valley. Whether Nones should be considered a dialect...
20­
lui
x2026
In
Ladino (Judaeo-Spanish or Judezmo) (LAD) it’s 387. Medieval Spanish substrate with Hebrew, Arabic, and Turkish loans. Spoken by perhaps 50,000 Sephardic Jews worldwide...
כ­
جُلِيُ /  גוילוי / djulio
xב׳כו
In
Lahu (LHU) it’s 388. Sino-Tibetan family, Loloish, 600,000 speakers in China, T⁠hailand, Burma, and Laos. Used also as a lingua...
20­
jōlāi
x2026
In
Lak (LBE) it’s 389. Northeast Caucasian, spoken by approx. 160,000 in southern Dagestan, enriched by loans from Russian, Turkish, Arabic...
20­
آرُلچِنمُر بَرز / арулчинмур барз [arulčinmur barz]
x2026
In
Lakota (LKT) it’s 390. Siouan-Catawban family, spoken by approx. 6000 in the US Dakotas. Heard in the 1990 movie Dances...
20­ x2026  
In
Lama (LAS) it’s 391. Niger-Congo, Gur, Gurunsi, 260,000 speakers in Benin and Togo in three dialects. T⁠hree tones also: high...
20­ x2026
In
Lao [Standard] (LAO) it’s 392. Kra–Dai family, Tai, 30 million speakers in Laos, T⁠hailand, and Cambodia. Contrastive vowel length, 6 tones...
໒໐­ x໒໐໒໖  
In
Lao [Isan] (TTS) it’s 393. A group of Lao dialects spoken in Northeast T⁠hailand by ethnic Isans. You say to-maaa-to: As...
๒๐­
กะละกะดาคม [garagadakom]
x๒๐๒๖
In
Latgalian (LTG) it’s 394. Indo-European, Baltic, 150,000 speakers primarily in Latgale in eastern Latvia. Akin to Lithuanian, Samogitian (qq.v.), and...
20­ x2026
In
Laz (Lazuri) (LZZ) it’s 395. Kartvelian family, spoken in five major dialects by approx. 22,000 on the southeast shore of the...
­ xცკვ  
In
Lenape (Delaware) (DEL) it’s 396. Algonquian, native to the lower Delaware and Hudson Rivers and northern New Jersey in the US...
20­ x2026
In
Leonese (AST) it’s 397. Endangered Romance language, considered by many a dialect of an Asturian-Leonese continuüm, undergoing revival in Northwest...
20­
xullu
x2026
In
Lepcha (LEP) it’s 398. Sino-Tibetan, Himalayish, non-tonal, unique Brahmic syllabary script, called rong, dating from the 1600s. India's Sikkim and...
᱂᱀­
ᰍᰦᰮᰀᰪᰮ ᰜᰟᰨ [naamkum lavo]
x᱂᱀᱂᱆
In
Lezgian (LEZ) it’s 399. Northeast Caucasian, uses 54 consonant sounds, numerals 20 to 99 are expressed vigesimally (by 20s). Official...
20­
чиле / چاىلاه [čile]
x2026
In
Lezgian [Premodern] (LEZ) it’s 400. Conjectured Lezgian terminology of old. Back then or just as much even now, Lezgians may greet...
20­
баскIум [bask ̓um]
x2026
In
Lhao Vo (Lhaovo or Langsu or Maru) (MHX) it’s 401. Sino-Tibetan, Loloish, 100,000 speakers. Heard in Luxi City, Lianghe and Longchuan Counties in China, and eastern...
20­
lɔ̱55 na̱t55  khjɛʔ55
x2026
In
Ligurian [Genoese] (LIJ) it’s 402. Indo-European, Romance, northern Italy, endangered. Its written standards are administered by the Genoese Académia Ligùstica do...
20­
lûggiu
x2026
In
Ligurian [Monégasque] (LIJ) it’s 403. Ligurian dialect spoken by 8500 in Monaco including its royal family. Employs the non-Italian ü (as...
20­
luyu
x2026
In
Limburgish (LIM) it’s 404. Germanic, East Low Franconian, Limburg (in both T⁠he Netherlands and Belgium) & Rhineland areas. Unlike many...
20­
juli
x2026
In
Limbu (LIF) it’s 405. Sino-Tibetan, akin to Lepcha (q.v.) and Tibetan, with 380,000 native speakers of four dialects in Sikkim...
᥈᥆
/ [sesekpa]
x᥈᥆᥈᥌
In
Lingala (LIN) it’s 406. Niger-Congo, Bantu, tonal. Spoken by 15 million in both Congos. Lingala signifies noun classes with prefixes...
20­
sánzá ya nsambo
x2026
In
Lingarak (Neverver) (LGK) it’s 407. Malayo-Polynesian, Malekula subgroup, spoken by 500 central Malekula Island natives in Vanuatu. Clearly a yam-centered frame...
20­ x2026
In
Lisu [Northern] (LIS) it’s 408. Sino-Tibetan, Loloish, related to similarly named Lahu (q.v.). T⁠here are 940,000 speakers for all dialects of...
20­
shithan
x2026
In
Lisu [Southern] (LIS) it’s 409. Another Lisu dialect, "Yellow Lo," spoken in southwestern Yunnan, Burma’s Shan State, and T⁠hailand. Uses unusual...
20­
ꓫꓵꓽ ꓦꓸꓹ  / ʃì hǎ [ʃy21 ha35]
x2026
In
Lithuanian (LIT) it’s 410. Indo-European, Baltic, 3 million speakers. Unusually, its alphabet places Y after Į. Earliest writings date from...
20­ x2026  
In
Livonian (LIV) it’s 411. Uralic, akin to Finnish and Estonian (qq.v.). Its last native speaker was Grizelda Kristina (1910–2013); but...
20­ x2026  
In
Lombard [Eastern] (LMO) it’s 412. Romance, spoken in northern Italy around Bergamo, Brescia, Mantua, Crema, and Trentino. Lombard and its dialects...
20­
lüj
x2026
In
Lombard [Eastern Bergamasque] (LMO) it’s 413. A subdivision of Eastern Lombard spoken by 700,000. One non-Italian feature of Lombard is its vowel...
20­
löi
x2026
In
Lombard [Western] (Insubric) (LMO) it’s 414. T⁠he Lombard spoken in southern Switzerland and northern Italy around Milan. A slang version of Insubric...
20­
lüi
x2026
In
Lorrain [Vosgien La Bresse] (???) it’s 415. Romance, Langue d’oïl, Lorraine subgroup. Lorraine's dialects are spoken in France in Vosges, Saint Quirin, eastern...
20­
djullet
x2026
In
Lorrain [Vosgien Ville sur Illon] (???) it’s 416. Another Vosgien variety, one specifically heard in Ville-sur-Illon, a commune in the Vosges department in Grand...
20­
juyè
x2026
In
Lotha (NJH) it’s 417. A Sino-Tibetan, Central Naga language spoken by 180,000 in Nagaland’s Wokha region in eastern India. Like...
20­
unung
x2026
In
Louisiana Creole (LOU) it’s 418. French-derived, African plus Native American elements. Unlike French, verbs don’t conjugate. Not to be confused with...
20­
jwiyé
x2026
In
Lower Tanana (Minto) (TAA) it’s 419. Endangered Athabaskan language with a dozen or so speakers. Exclusive to Minto, Alaska, that takes its...
20­ x2026
In
Loxrlavu [Yao’an] (Lolopo) (YCL) it’s 420. Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi. Spoken by 570,000 Loxrlapor in China's Chuxiong Prefecture and Xiangyun County, Midian...
20­
𖼺𖽡𖼖𖼧𖽨  /  si21rxiu33
x2026
In
Lozi (LOZ) it’s 421. Niger-Congo family, Bantu, spoken in Zambia, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Botswana, and South Africa. It arose as a...
20­
Sikulu
x2026
In
Luba-Kasai (Ciluba or Western Luba) (LUA) it’s 422. Niger-Congo family, Bantu, spoken by 6.3 million in the Katanga Province of the Democratic Republic of...
20­
ngondo wa muanda mutekete
x2026
In
Luba-Katanga (LUB) it’s 423. Niger-Congo family, Bantu, spoken by 1.5 million in T⁠he Democratic Republic of the Congo’s the Katanga...
20­
Kabàlàshìpù
x2026
In
Ludic (LUD) it’s 424. Uralic, Finnic, critically endangered, heard around the northeastern shore of Lake Onega, Republic of Karelia, Russia...
20­ x2026  
In
Luganda (Ganda) (LUG) it’s 425. Niger-Congo, Northeast Bantu, 4 million speakers mostly in the Baganda area of Uganda, tonal (high, low...
20­
kasambula
x2026
In
Lugbara (LGG) it’s 426. Nilo-Saharan family, Uganda’s west Nile region and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. First written in...
20­
Irri
x2026
In
Luo [Acholi] (ACH) it’s 427. Nilo-Saharan family, Luo, Southern, spoken by 2.1 million in Uganda and South Sudan. T⁠he Luo dia­lects...
20­
Dwe me abiro
x2026
In
Luo [Dholuo] (LUO) it’s 428. Southern Luo dialect with 4.2 million speakers in Kenya and Tanzania. Sinistrodextral (left-to-right-reading) Luo Lakeside script...
20
/ Dumabiro
x2026
In
Luo [Lango] (LAJ) it’s 429. Southern Luo dialect with 2.6 million speakers, Uganda. All Lango numerals under 20 begin with A;...
20­
Kʉmʉʉnchɨ
x2026
In
Luo [Shilluk-Cøllø] (SHK) it’s 430. Northern Luo dialect spoken by 175,000 Shilluk people in Sudan and South Sudan. T⁠hree tones (low...
20­ x2026
In
Luxembourgish [Traditional] (LTZ) it’s 431. Indo-European, Germanic, significant French influences — its term for "Goodbye" is Äddi — 390,000 speakers. "Moselle...
20­ x2026  



In
Maa [Maasai] (MAS) it’s 432. Nilo-Saharan family (possibly), spoken in Kenya & Tanzania by 1.3 million. Highly tonal and features implosive...
20­
mórusásìn
x2026
In
Maa [Samburu] (SAQ) it’s 433. Maa dialect of the northern Kenya highlands, 240,000 speakers. Maasai and Samburu are primarily oral and...
20­
Lapa le sapa
x2026
In
Macedonian {Hellenic} (XMK) it’s 434. Indo-European, Hellenic, unrelated to Slavic Macedonian in the next entry. T⁠his was the language of Alexander...
Κ­ x‘ΒΚϜ
In
Macedonian {Slavic}[Archaic/Folk] (MKD) it’s 435. Indo-European, South Slavic, unrelated to Hellenic Macedonian above, 1.4–3.5 million speakers in the T⁠he Republic of...
20­ x2026  
In
Mada [Rija] (MDA) it’s 436. Niger-Congo, Plateau, Ninzic, spoken by over 100,000 (all dialects) in Nigeria's Plateau and Kaduna States. Tonal...
20­
hwə yə̄ tāmgbā
x2026
In
Maguindanao [Pre-Spanish Conquest] (MDH) it’s 437. Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by 1.1 million descendants of the Sultanate of Maguindanao on Southwest Mindanao in...
20­ x2026  
In
Makalero (MJB) it’s 438. From the Trans-New Guinea family, spoken by 8000 in East Timor’s extreme eastern tip. Makalero speakers...
20­ x2026
In
Makassarese [Traditional, before 1605] (MAK) it’s 439. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, 2.1 million speakers in Indonesia’s South Sulawesi province. T⁠he antimacassar doily that protects chairs...
20
 / bulang Sujiwi
x2026
In
Makhuwa-Meetto (MGH) it’s 440. Niger-Congo, Bantu, spoken by 6.6 million Makua in Malawi, Mozambique, and Tanzania. Few vowels but a...
20­
Mweri wo saba
x2026
In
Makonde (Kimakonde) (KDE) it’s 441. Niger-Congo, Bantu, Ruvuma, 1.4 million speakers in Kenya, Malawi, and Tanzania. Kenga sombo sako ni nyundo...
20­
Mwedi wa Nnyano na Mivili
x2026
In
Malagasy [Standard] (MLG) it’s 442. In all dialects inclusive, spoken by 25 million in Madagascar but — surprise! — it's Malayo-Polynesian...
20­
Jolay
x2026
In
Malagasy [Antankaraña] (XMV) it’s 443. Dialect spoken by 156,000 ethnic Antankaraña in the north. Malagasy's demonstrative pronouns specify seven distance qualities...
20­ x2026
In
Malagasy [Sakalava] (SKG) it’s 444. Dialect spoken by 1.2 million ethnic Sakalava in northern Madagascar. Malagasy has its own endemic script...
٢٠­
Sakaviabe  / سَكَوِيْابِ
x٢٠٢٦
In
Malagasy [Tandroy-Mahafaly] (TDX) it’s 445. Dialect spoken by 1.3 million ethnic Tandroy and Mahafaly in southwestern Madagascar. T⁠hese south­ern dialects diverge...
20­
Jolay
x2026
In
Malecite-Passamaquoddy (PQM) it’s 446. Algonquian family, Eastern, endangered, spoken by several hundred in New Brunswick and Maine. It has twelve...
20­ x2026
In
Maltese (MLT) it’s 447. Afroasiatic family, descends from an extinct variety of Arabic that developed on Sicily, spoken on Malta...
20­
Lulju
x2026
In
Manchu (MNC) it’s 448. Southern Tungusic, Manchu group. Spoken natively by fewer than 20 people in Northeast China, but also...
20
[nadan biya]
x2026
In
Mandinka (Mandingo) [Traditional] (MNK) it’s 449. Niger-Congo family, Mande branch. Bitonal. Mandinka officially uses the Roman alphabet, but its 17-character Arabic-derived script...
20­
أَرَجَبُ / arajabo
x2026
In
Mang (ZNG) it’s 450. Austroasiatic family, 3200 speakers in Lai Châu Province, Vietnam, and neighboring areas in China. T⁠he outside...
20­
meː6 pyː1
x2026
In
Mangarevan (MRV) it’s 451. Malayo-Polynesian, spoken by 600 in French Polynesia's Mangareva and Gambier Islands. T⁠hough many speakers are bilingual...
20­
poròro
x2026
In
Mangbai (ZNG) it’s 452. Niger-Congo, Mbum, Tupuri–Mambai, 14,000 speakers in Cameroon (Bénoué) and Chad (Lac-Léré). First studied academically in 1971...
20­ x2026
In
Mankanya (Uhula) (KNF) it’s 453. Niger-Congo family, Bak branch, spoken natively by 75,000 in Guinea-Bissau, T⁠he Gambia, and in and around...
20­
Pli pŧeek pi pti
x2026
In
Mansi (MNS) it’s 454. Uralic, related to Hungarian and Khanty (qq.v.), 3000 speakers in central Siberia. Mansi tradition con­siders bears...
20­ x2026  
In
Manx (GLV) it’s 455. Indo-European, Celtic, Goidelic, Isle of Man, natively extinct since 1974. Like all Celtic languages, its nouns...
20­ x2026  
In
Maori [New Zealand] (MRI) it’s 456. Malayo-Polynesian, closely related to Tahitian. Personal pronouns come in singular, dual, and plural. Long vowels are...
20­
Hōngongoi
x2026
In
Maori [Cook Islands] (Rarotongan) (MRI) it’s 457. T⁠his is the Māori dialect official in the Cook Islands with approx. 14,000 speakers there and...
20­
Tiurai
x2026
In
Maori [Moriori] (MRI) it’s 458. Māori dialect of the Chatham Islands, east of New Zealand's South Island. In 1835, two waves...
20­
Merekohai
x2026
In
Mapudungun (Mapuche) (ARN) it’s 459. Language isolate native to Chile (Araucanía) and Argentina, 260,000 speakers. Mapuches as a whole make up...
20­ x2026  
In
Mari [Meadow or Eastern] (Cheremis) (MHR) it’s 460. Uralic language spoken in Russia’s Mari Republic by 470,000. Nine noun cases. T⁠he other chief dialect...
20­ x2026  
In
Marshallese (MAH) it’s 461. Malayo-Polynesian, two chief dialects, spoken by 44,000 on the Marshall Islands. It sports an unusually complex...
20­
Juļae
x2026
In
Masurian [Premodern] (???) it’s 462. Indo-European, West Slavic, between 5,000 and 15,000 speakers in northeastern Poland and Germany. As Masurian is...
20­ x2026
In
Matlatzinca (MAT) it’s 463. From the Oto-Manguean family, spoken by 650 in and around San Francisco Oxtotilpa, Mexico. Matlatzinca is...
20­
netonbë
x2026
In
Mavea (MLV) it’s 464. Malayo-Polynesian, Southern Oceanic, spoken by perhaps two dozen on Vanuatu's Mafea Island. It’s moribund, rapidly yielding...
20­ x2026
In
Maxakalí (MBL) it’s 465. Macro-Gê family, spoken by a few hundred in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Maxakalí coins terms by combining...
20­
yot
x2026
In
Mazanderani (Tabäri) (MZN) it’s 466. Indo-European, Western Iranic, spoken by 3 million in Iran’s southern Caspian coast provinces. Of its renowned...
۲۰­
ژوئیه    [žu’eyah]
x۲۰۲۶
In
Mbelimè (MBL) it’s 467. Niger-Congo, Gur, Oti-Volta, 40,000 native speakers in the communes of Cobly and Boukoumbé in the department...
20­
dikuhɔ̰́ńhààdè
x2026
In
Mbuko (MHW) it’s 468. Afroasiatic, Chadic, with 13,000 speakers in northern Cameroon. Its unusually rich sound inventory includes implosives (see...
20­
kiya jémaakan
x2026
In
Mbukushu (MHW) it’s 469. Niger-Congo family, a Bantu language that unlike most uses clicks, spoken by 50,000 Hambukushu along Namibia's...
20­
thivoghedhi
x2026
In
Mbula (MNA) it’s 470. Malayo-Polynesian, spoken by 4500 in Morobe, Papua New Guinea. Many bilingual in Tok Pisin (q.v.) and/or...
20­
Daudau mazaana
x2026
In
Meänkieli (FIT) it’s 471. Endangered Finnish dialect group spoken by 30,000–70,000 in Sweden's Norrbotten province. Bengt Pohjanen is a noted...
20­
jyyli
x2026
In
Meitei (Manipuri) (MNI) it’s 472. Sino-Tibetan. Spoken in India, Bangladesh, Burma and not to be confused with Bishnupriya Manipuri (q.v.) which...
꯲꯰
/  ꯏꯉꯦꯟ  /  ingen
x꯲꯰꯲꯶
In
Mele (Atara Imere) (MXE) it’s 473. Malayo-Polynesian, one of two interintelligible languages (the other is Fila) spoken natively by 3500 on Vanuatu's...
20­
Julae
x2026
In
Menominee (MEZ) it’s 474. Algonquian family, spoken natively by fewer than two dozen in northern Wisconsin but enthus­i­as­tic­ally supported and...
20­ x2026
In
Meriam Mir (Eastern Torres Strait) (ULK) it’s 475. Trans-Fly family, spoken by around 200 on six islands in the treacherous Torres Strait between Australia...
20­
Zulai
x2026
In
Meta' (MGO) it’s 476. T⁠his difficult-to-Google Niger-Congo, Bantu language is spoken by 190,000 in Cameroon. T⁠here is radio programming in...
20­
iməg àdùmbə̀ŋ
x2026
In
Miami-Illinois (Myaamia) (MIA) it’s 477. Algonquian, originally midwestern US. Extinct but under revival, largely through the efforts of con­struc­tion worker-cum-linguist Daryl...
20­ x2026  
In
Michif (CRG) it’s 478. A French-Cree hybrid, fewer than 1000 speakers. North Dakota, Saskatchewan, Manitoba. It borrows its Gregorian calendar...
20­
jouyet
x2026
In
Micmac (Mi’kmaq ) (MIC) it’s 479. Eastern Algonquian family, approx. 7000 speakers in extreme eastern Canada and northern New England. At one...
20­ x2026  
In
Miju Mishmi (Kaman) (MXJ) it’s 480. Either Sino-Tibetan (?) or an isolate (?), spoken by 18,000 in India's Arunachal Pradesh and Zayü...
20­
Yātàwŋ
x2026
In
Min Dong [Fuzhounese] (CDO) it’s 481. Sino-Tibetan, unintelligible with Mandarin or Cantonese, southern China, 9. 5 million speakers. T⁠his is Min Dong’s standard...
 / dâ̤ chék nguŏk
x
In
Mingrelian (XMF) it’s 482. An endangered Kartvelian language akin to Georgian and Laz (qq.v.), with some mutual intel­li­gi­bil­ity with the...
­ xცკვ  
In
Mirandese (MWL) it’s 483. Romance language, over 1000 years removed from Portuguese, spoken by around 5000 in Portugal's municipalities of...
20­
julho
x2026
In
Miskito (MIQ) it’s 484. From the small Misumalpan family, spoken by approx. 150,000 in Honduras and Nicaragua. English loans are...
20­ x2026  
In
Mixe [Isthmus or Coatlán] (MCO) it’s 485. Mixe–Zoquean family, Mixean, Lowland, 45,000 speakers in northeastern Oaxaca, Mexico. T⁠heir language is agglutinative — i.e., words...
20­
äämbë julië
x2026
In
Mixtec [Magdalena Peñasco] (Tlacotepec Mixtec) (XTM) it’s 486. Oto-Manguean family, Mixtecan branch, Mixtec subgroup. Magdalena Peñasco, “Language of the Rain People,” spoken by 7400...
20­
yoo juliu
x2026
In
Mixtec [Tututepec] (MTU) it’s 487. A Mixtec language spoken by 1200 in Santa María Acatepec, Santa Cruz Tututepec, and San Pedro...
20­
yòò ndúu xàá
x2026
In
Miyakoan (MVI) it’s 488. Japonic, Southern Ryukyuan, with an estimated 10,000 speakers, mostly over 60, on the Miyako Islands of...
 / nanatsi-gacii
x
In
Mizo (Lushai) (LUS) it’s 489. Sino-Tibetan language spoken in Burma, Bangladesh, and India. Akin to Biete (q.v.). A ṭha lam kawng...
20­ x2026  
In
Moba [Ben] (MFQ) it’s 490. Niger-Congo family, Gur, Oti-Volta, Gurma, spoken by 300,000 in northwestern Togo, con­cen­trated in the city of...
20­
galguul
x2026
In
Moba [Bimoba or Moar] (BIM) it’s 491. T⁠his is the rarer Moba dialect spoken by 32,000 in Ghana and Burkina Faso. Not to...
20­
nyajaauŋ
x2026
In
Mocheno (MHN) it’s 492. West Germanic, Bavarian, akin to Cimbrian (q.v.), spoken by 1900 in Italy's Bersntol region and reg­u­lated...
20­ x2026  
In
Mochica (Chimú) (OMC) it’s 493. Mochica was native to the Peruvian coast and has been assigned to the hypothetical Chimuan fam­ily...
20­ x2026
In
Mohawk (MOH) it’s 494. Iroquoian family, 3500 speakers in Ontario, Quebec, and northern New York State. Like all Iroquoian languages...
20­ x2026  
In
Mokilese (MKJ) it’s 495. Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Chuukic-Pohnpeic, 500 speakers on Mokil atoll in the Federated States of Micronesia. T⁠his language...
20­
julahi
x2026
In
Moksha (MDF) it’s 496. A Uralic, Mordvinic language spoken along the central Volga and related to Erzya (q.v.). T⁠here are...
20­ x2026  
In
Mong Njua [Green Miao] (HNJ) it’s 497. Unlike Hmong Daw (q.v.), this dialect lacks the unvoiced m; thus it's spelled “Mong” without the...
20­
lú hyaη.hli
x2026
In
Mongolian (MON) it’s 498. Central Mongolic, 5.2 million speakers. Observes vowel harmony and lacks the standard l sound. Its Ancient...
᠒᠐­
𑨛𑨆𑨬𑩇𑨛𑨂𑨍𑨀𑨫𑨳 𑨰𑨫𑨳 / долдугаар сар [doɬdugaar sar]
x᠒᠐᠒᠖
In
Monguor (Tu) (MJG) it’s 499. Mongolic family, Shirongolic branch, 150,000 speakers in China's Qinghai and Gansu provinces. Two chief dialects are...
20­
duluun sara
x2026
In
Montagnais Innu (MOE) it’s 500. Algonquian language related to Cree (q.v.), spoken by 11,000 in Labrador and Quebec. Contrastive vowel length...
20­ x2026  
In
Moro (MOR) it’s 501. Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, spoken in Sudan's Nuba Mountains. T⁠hough there were 30,000 speakers in six clans reported...
20­
ubwa gə'Đəɽal 1
x2026
In
Mossi (Mòoré) (MOS) it’s 502. A Niger-Congo language, akin to Frafra (q.v.), spoken natively by 7.8 million in Burkina Faso, Mali...
20­
sẽoogo
x2026
In
Moxo [Trinitario] (TRN) it’s 503. Arawakan family, Southern, native to Northeast Bolivia. T⁠he Endangered Languages Project reports 3140 speakers. Jaguars...
20­
jurio
x2026
In
Mozarabic (Andalusi Romance) (MXI) it’s 504. A cluster of non-standardized Romance languages spoken in the Muslim-controlled areas of the Iberian Peninsula...
XX­
يوليو / יוליו  /  yúlyu
xMMXXVI
In
Mundang (MUA) it’s 505. A Niger-Congo language spoken by 250,000 in southern Chad. Its writing system adds Ɓ, Ɗ, Ə...
20­
mamǝŋgwãalii
x2026
In
Mussau-Emira (EMI) it’s 506. Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Saint Matthias, with 5000 speakers based primarily on Papua New Guinea's islands of Mussau...
20­
ghaituna ateva ulana
x2026
In
Muyang (MUY) it’s 507. Afroasiatic, Chadic, Central, South, spoken by 30,000 in Cameroon's Far North Province, arrondisse-ment of Tokombéré. Tonal...
20­ x2026
In
Muya (MVM) it’s 508. Sino-Tibetan family, Northern Qiangic; two chief dialects not mutually intelligible. T⁠here are 10,000 speakers, of which...
20­
335535mbε53
x2026
In
Mwotlap [Folk/Traditional] (MIV) it’s 509. Malayo-Polynesian, Southern Oceanic, spoken natively by 2100 on Vanuatu’s Mota Lava, Ra, and Banks Islands. Uses...
20­
napdum̄ōl
x2026
In
Myene (Omyene) (MYE) it’s 510. Niger-Congo, Bantu, with 45,000 speakers of the Mpongwe, Nkomi, Galwa, and Bongo Pygmy groups in Gabon.
20­
fogwɛnomo
x2026



In
Nāhuatl (NAH) it’s 511. Uto-Aztecan, from the original language group of the Aztecs, presently 1.7 million speakers. Of its many...
20­
tlachicōnti
x2026
In
Na [Yongning] (NRU) it’s 512. Sino-Tibetan, Qiangic, Naish, spoken in Yongning township, Lijiang municipality in China's Yunnan Province. Akin to Nakhi...
20­
shilhimi
x2026
In
Nafsan (South Efate) (ERK) it’s 513. Malayo-Polynesian, native to Efate Island of Northeast Vanuatu with 6000 speakers. T⁠he language counts in base-5...
20­
atlag kalaru
x2026
In
Nakhi (Naxi) (NXQ) it’s 514. Sino-Tibetan, Qiangic, spoken by 350,000 in a part of Yunan’s Himalayan foot­hills where the...
20­
saimei
x2026
In
Nanai (Gold) (GLD) it’s 515. Tungusic family, spoken by some 1400 descendants of Manchurian Jurchen in the Amur River basin area...
20­
хуюн биа [χuyun bia]
x2026
In
Nandi (Kalenjin) (KLN) it’s 516. Nilo-Saharan family, Nilotic, Kalenjin group, tonal with contrastive vowel length, spoken in East Africa's Rift Valley...
20­ x2026
In
Naandi [Cemual] (NIQ) it’s 517. A Nandi subdivision (spelled with double-A) spoken by 950,000 in Kenya's Rift Valley. Since the Nandi...
20­ x2026
In 20­
ᒍᓇᐃ ᐱᓯᒻ [chuunaai-piisim na]
x2026
In
Navajo (Diné bizaad) (NAV) it’s 519. Athabaskan, Southwest US, 170,000 native speakers. Tones, nasals, and ejectives make for a classic Navajo tongue...
20­ x2026  
In
Navava (Avava or Katbol) (TMB) it’s 520. Malayo-Polynesian, Southern Oceanic, 700 speakers in 4 villages on Vanuatu’s Malakula Island. Cash crop is copra...
20­
Lap mwisisi
x2026
In
Nawdm (NMZ) it’s 521. Niger-Congo, Gur, Northern, 150,000 speakers in Togo plus more in Ghana. Nawdm's alphabet includes six digraphs:...
20­
wɔ̀ɔd
x2026
In
Ndebele [Northern] (Zimbabwean Ndebele) (NDE) it’s 522. Niger-Congo, Southern Bantu, Nguni, 2.5 million speakers. Native to Zimbabwe and part of Botswana, spoken by...
20­ x2026  
In
Ndebele [Southern] (Transvaal Ndebele) (NBL) it’s 523. Niger-Congo, Southern Bantu, Nguni, 1.2 million speakers in South Africa's provinces of Mpumalanga, Limpopo, Gauteng, and...
20­
uVelabahlinze
x2026
In
Ndyuka (Aukan) (DJK) it’s 524. English-based creole spoken by 25,000 to 30,000 rainforest dwellers known as the Maroon in Surinam and...
20
 / seibin mun
x2026
In
Neapolitan (NAP) it’s 525. Romance language named not after the city but the Kingdom of Naples, spoken in central Italy...
20­
ligljh
x2026
In
Neapolitan [Tarantine] (NAP) it’s 526. Dialect of Neapolitan with Ancient Messapic roots, spoken by 300,000 in and around the city of...
20­
luglie
x2026
In
Nenets [Tundra] 1 (YRK) it’s 527. Uralic family, Samoyedic, spoken by 22,000 in a swath starting from Russia’s Kola Peninsula, eastward along...
20­ x2026  
In
Nenets [Tundra] 2 (YRK) it’s 528. As standardization among Nenets’s calendar terms is pretty forgiving, here’s a set from a different source...
20­ x2026
In
Nez Perce (NEZ) it’s 529. Plateau Penutian family, Idaho, fewer than 200 speakers, revival underway. Observes vowel harmony, acute accents show...
20­ x2026
In
Nganasan (NIO) it’s 530. Uralic family, Samoyedic, with much vocabulary from a mysterious substrate. Extreme north-central Russia, seriously endangered with...
20­
deptê
x2026
In
Ngiemboon (NNH) it’s 531. Niger-Congo family, Southern Bantoid, Grassfields. Spoken in Province de l’Ouest and Bamboutos in Cameroon by 250,000...
20­ x2026
In
Ngomba (JGO) it’s 532. Another Grassfields language like Ngiemboon above. Spoken in Province de l'Ouest and Bamboutos in Cameroon by...
20­
pɛsaŋ saambá
x2026
In
Ngwo (Engwo) (NGN) it’s 533. Niger-Congo, Southern Bantoid, 22,000 speakers in the Northwest Region of Cameroon -- Momo Division, Njikwa Subdivision...
20­
Jùli
x2026
In
Nheengatu (YRL) it’s 534. Tupi-Guaraní family, spoken by 19,000 in Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela and named from the phrase nhe'eng...
20­
îasypokõîa
x2026
In
Nisga’a (NCG) it’s 535. Tsimshianic family, seriously endangered, British Columbia, Canada, 2818 speakers reported in 2014. A close kin to...
20­ x2026  
In
Niuean (NIU) it’s 536. Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by 2000 in the South Pacific island nation of Niue and another 5700...
20­
Iulai
x2026
In
Nivkh (Gilyak) (NIV) it’s 537. Language isolate spoken on western Sakhalin Island and adjacent mainland by around 1000. Nivkh is genderless...
20­
machn chrar long
x2026
In
Nkore (Runyankore) (CGG) it’s 538. Niger-Congo, Bantu. Spoken by 2.3 million in southwestern Uganda. So close to Kiga /Rukiga (q.v.) that many...
20­ x2026
In
Nogai (Alabugat Tatar) (NOG) it’s 539. Turkic, spoken by 87,000 in southwestern Russia's Tuva region by Golden Horde descendants. Nogai Khan (died...
20­
шилле ай [šille ay]
x2026
In
Noni (Noone) (NHU) it’s 540. Niger-Congo, Southern Bantoid, Eastern Beboid, 50,000 speakers in Cameroon. Noni is said to have been heard...
20­
kpwee Ntocɛ
x2026
In
Norman [Continental] (NRF) it’s 541. Romance, Langue d’oïl, Norse loans, 100,000 speakers in Normandy. T⁠he Channel Island languages Guernésiais, Jèrriais, and...
20­
juilet
x2026
In
Norman [Guernésiais/Dgèrnésiais] (NRF) it’s 542. Norman dialect spoken by approx. 200 on the Channel Island of Guernsey. Victor Hugo contemporary George...
20­
juillet
x2026
In
Norman [Jèrriais] (NRF) it’s 543. Norman dialect spoken natively by 2000 on the Channel Island of Jersey. Actress, socialite, eventual California...
20­
juilet
x2026
In
Norman [Sercquiais] (Sarkese) (NRF) it’s 544. T⁠he Norman dialect spoken by about 20 on the Channel Island of Sark, descended from 16th...
20­
djwilet
x2026
In
Nuer (NUS) it’s 545. Nilo-Saharan. South Sudan and Ethiopia, 900,000 speakers. Breathy, shown with underscores, vs. non-breathy vowels. Related to...
20­
Pay yietni
x2026
In
Nukuoro (NKR) it’s 546. Malayo-Polynesian, approx. 860 speakers on Nukuoro Atoll and Pohnpei Island, Federated States of Micronesia. Five vowels...
20­
hidu-malama
x2026
In
Nusu (Nu) [Northern] (Wawa-Kongtong dialect) (NUF) it’s 547. Sino-Tibetan, Lolo-Burmese, preliterate, 2000 speakers in China's Fugong, Wawa, Kongtong, and Youduoluo Counties. Not to be...
20­
ȵ̥ɔ̃53 ɬa55
x2026
In
Nuuchahnulth (Nootka) [Hesquiaht, Muwač’atḥ] (NUK) it’s 548. Of the Southern Wakashan family, Nuuchahnulth as a whole is spoken natively by 130 on Vancouver...
20­
hisitqumł
x2026
In
Nuuchahnulth (Nootka) [Ahousaht, ʕaaḥusʔatḥ] (NUK) it’s 549. T⁠he Nuuchahnulth dialect of the Ahousaht First Nation on Western Vancouver Island. As are all Wakashan...
20­
ʔiicuuš
x2026
In
Nuuchahnulth (Nootka) [Tseshaht, C’išaaʔatḥ] (NUK) it’s 550. T⁠he Tseshaht First Nation is native to the Broken Group Islands of Barkley Sound, Western Vancouver...
20­
ʕaasicimł
x2026
In
Nyole (Lunyole) [Ugandan] (NUJ) it’s 551. Niger-Congo family, Bantu, 340,000 speakers in the Tororo District of Uganda. It shares approx. 60% of...
20­
Nakanja
x2026
In
Nzime (Koonzime) (PAC) it’s 552. Niger-Congo, Bantu Zone A, spoken by 40,000 Dweʼe and Nzime people in Cameroon. Two dialects, Koonzime...
20­
nkono
x2026



In
Occitan [Aranese] (OCI) it’s 553. Indo-European, Romance, Langue d’òc. Compared to French, Occitan has changed little over the cen­tur­ies. It’s official...
20­
junhsèga
x2026
In
Occitan [Gascon] (OCI) it’s 554. Indo-European, Romance, Langue d’òc, Gascony in southern France. Cited by some linguists as a separ­ate language...
20­
julhet
x2026
In
Occitan [Provençal] (OCI) it’s 555. T⁠he Occitan, which includes Niçard, spoken in Provence in southern France by 350,000. At one time...
20­
juliet
x2026
In
Occitan [Vivaro-Alpine] (OCI) it’s 556. Seriously endangered Occitan dialect spoken by 200,000, primarily in Dauphiné in southeastern France and the Occitan...
20­
julhet
x2026
In
Oirat [Kalmyk] (XAL) it’s 557. Mongolic, spoken by 80,500 in the Republic of Kalmykia, at the northwestern extreme of the Caspian...
20­
така сар [taka sar]
x2026
In
Ojibwe (Chippewa) [Eastern] (OJG) it’s 558. Algonquian family, akin to Algonquin (q.v.), 100,000 speakers for all dialects inclusive in north-central US and...
20 x2026  
In
Ojibwe (Chippewa) [Western] (OJW) it’s 559. T⁠he other major dialect of Ojibwe. As you might notice, vowels can be long or short...
20 x2026
In
Oneida (ONE) it’s 560. Iroquoian family, approx. 250 native speakers in Ontario, New York State, and Green Bay, Wisconsin. T⁠he...
20­ x2026  
In
Onondaga (ONO) it’s 561. Iroquoian family, approx. 50 speakers in Ontario and New York State. Like Palawano (q.v.) and other...
20­
hiarigôna
x2026
In
Oodham (Papago-Pima) (OOD) it’s 562. From the Uto-Aztecan family, spoken by some 10,000 in South-Central Arizona and northern Sonora. No f...
20­ x2026
In
Oroch (OAC) it’s 563. Northern Tungusic language, eight (as of 2010) native speakers in Khabarovsk Krai in eastern Siberia and...
20­ x2026
In
Oromo (ORM) it’s 564. Afroasiatic, Cushitic. Central Ethiopia, Horn of Africa. Non-Roman scripts were once banned; Qubee, Oromo's modern Roman...
20­
عَدٛولٚيسسَ / adooleessa
x2026
In
Os (Chulym) (CLW) it’s 565. Western Turkic, moribund but still spoken by a few dozen in the Chulym River area north...
20­ x2026  
In
Os (Chulym) [Küärik] (CLW) it’s 566. A Lower Chulym dialect that went extinct before the 20th century. It was spoken along the...
20­ x2026
In
Osage (OSA) it’s 567. T⁠his Oklahoma-based Siouan language went natively extinct in 2005 with the death of its last speaker...
20
/ mį́įǫpa hpeðǫ́ǫpa
x2026
In
Ossetian [Digor] (OSS) it’s 568. Indo-European, Indo-Iranic, spoken in a semi-autonomous region divided into North — Alania (in Russia) and South (in Georgia)...
20­ x2026
In
Ossetian [Iron] (OSS) it’s 569. Pronounced ee-ron, this is the more popular Ossetian dialect, with slightly under half a million speakers...
20­ x2026  
In
Otomi [Northwestern, Mezquital] (OTE) it’s 570. Oto-Manguean family, Oto-Pamean group, spoken by 100,000 in the Mezquital Valley of Hidalgo, Mexico, endangered. T⁠hree...
20­
ndäxi
x2026



In
Pacoh (PAC) it’s 571. Austroasiatic, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, 32,000 speakers in Laos and Vietnam. Six vowels which can be long...
20­
kixay tupôl
x2026
In
Pahlavi (Middle Persian) (PAH) it’s 572. Indo-European, Indo-Iranic. T⁠his is the Zoroastrian/Mithraist-based calendar used in Cappadocia under the Sasanian Empire (224–651 CE)...
x  
In
Paicî (PRI) it’s 573. Malayo-Polynesian, Southern Oceanic, 7300 speakers on New Caledonia's east coast and inland valleys. Paicî has 5...
20­
pi câmî
x2026
In
Palauan [Premodern] (PAU) it’s 574. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, approx. 15,000 speakers. Palau, Guam, Mariana Islands. Palauans divided their year into two: Ongos...
20­ x2026  
In
Palawano [Brooke’s Point] (PLW) it’s 575. Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine. Of three dialects, this one is spoken by 25,000 on Palawan Island...
20­
hulyu
x2026
In
Palmyrene (???) it’s 576. Afroasiatic, Semitic, Aramaic. Under the legendary Queen Zenobia, the Palmyrene Empire briefly held Rome’s eastern provinces...
   x
In
Palor (Sili-Sili) (FAP) it’s 577. Niger-Congo family, Cangin, 11,000 ethnic Seereer speakers in the T⁠hiès area of West Central Senegal. Some...
20­
suleet
x2026
In
Pame (Xi’iui) (PBS) it’s 578. From the Oto-Manguean family, tonal, spoken by 11,000 in central Mexico's State of San Luis Potosí...
20­
ngum’au kikiu’u
x2026
In
Pashto [Northern/Eastern] (PUS) it’s 579. Indo-European, Indo-Iranic, spoken by the Pashtuns of Northeast Pakistan. Of all Pashto dialects inclu­sive, there are...
۲۰­ x۲۰۲۶  
In
Pashto [Southern/Western] (PUS) it’s 580. Pashto dialect spoken in western Afghanistan and Iran. Unlike other Iranics, Pashto includes retroflex (curled-tongued) consonants:...
۲۰­ x۲۰۲۶  
In
Pawnee [South Band] (PAW) it’s 581. Caddoan family, north-central Oklahoma, natively extinct though with some non-fluent speakers. Along with Arikara, we hear...
20­
Cuúraaʾi
x2026
In
Pecheneg (XPC) it’s 582. A mysterious, poorly attested Turkic language with no known descendants, spoken on Crimea and beyond the...
 / çitem
x
In
Pemon (Arekuna) (AOC) it’s 583. From the Cariban family, spoken by 30,000 in SE Venezuela, Brazil's Roraima State, and Guyana. It...
20­ x2026
In
Penan-Nibong (PEZ) it’s 584. Malayo-Polynesian, North Sarawakan, spoken by 13,000 nomadic Penan in Sarawak, Borneo. Two main dialects. "Nice to...
20­
laseh tuju
x2026
In
Penrhyn (Tongarevan) (PNH) it’s 585. Critically endangered Polynesian language spoken by around 200 in the northern Cook Islands. Penrhyn atoll in...
20­
tiurai
x2026
In
Picard (Ch’ti or Patois) (PCD) it’s 586. Indo-European, Romance, Langue d’oïl, extreme northern France. As its 700,000 speakers are mostly elderly, UNESCO declares...
20­
juyé
x2026
In
Picard [Medieval] (PCD) it’s 587. As inscribed on the 14th century Astrolabe of Berselius. Picard flourished as a literary medium during...
x
In
Piedmontese (PMS) it’s 588. Indo-European, Romance; 700,000 native speakers in northwestern Italy and diaspora communities in Argentina. Curiously, Piedmontese lacks...
20­
luj
x2026
In
Pingelapese (PIF) it’s 589. Malayo-Polynesian, 3000 speakers on Pingelap atoll in T⁠he Federated States of Micronesia. Pingelapese has different sets...
20­
sokosok
x2026
In
Pipil (Nawat) (PPL) it’s 590. Uto-Aztecan language under revival, El Salvador. T⁠here are now over 3000 speakers. Yek teutak! Ken tinemi?...
20­
metzi chikume
x2026
In
Piro [Yine] (PIB) it’s 591. Arawakan family, spoken by the 4000 ethnic Yine who live in the Peruvian Urubamba River Valley...
20­
golyo ksuru
x2026
In
Pitcairn-Norfolk (PIH) it’s 592. An endangered Tahitian /English creole spoken on Pitcairn & Norfolk Islands. T⁠his one got its start in...
20­
juulai
x2026
In
Pnar (Jaintia or Synteng) (PBV) it’s 593. Austroasiatic language, 320,000 speakers, Meghalaya, Northeast India, plus Bangladesh adjacent. Shares much in common with Khasi...
20­
naj n̩ɲiaw
x2026
In
Pohnpeian (PON) it’s 594. Malayo-Polynesian, Micronesian, 34,000 speakers on Pohnpei Island in the Caroline Islands. Offers 30 sets of 1-to-9...
20­
sulai
x2026
In
Poitevin-Saintongeais (???) it’s 595. Indo-European, Romance, Langue d’oïl with Langue d’òc elements, spoken in Poitu /Vendée. Earliest known writings date from...
20­
jhullét
x2026
In
Poitkut (Pokot) (KLN) it’s 596. Nilo-Saharan family, Kalenjin. 264,000 speakers in Kenya’s West Pokot and Baringo counties and in Uganda's Karamoja...
20­ x2026
In
Polabian (POX) it’s 597. West Slavic with Germanic influences. Last native speaker, who claimed also to sing well in it...
20­
zeminik
x2026
In
Pomeranian [Kashubian] (CSB) it’s 598. Indo-European, West Slavic, Lechtic. Some 100,000 speakers living in Germany, Poland, and within a community in...
20­ x2026  
In
Pomeranian [Slovincian] (CSB) it’s 599. T⁠he other major dialect of Pomeranian, extinct since World War I. One source cited its last speaker...
20­
jʉl
x2026
In
Pontic (PNT) it’s 600. Indo-European, Hellenic, 200,000 speakers in northern Greece, Turkey, and diaspora communities. T⁠he Greatest Pontic king was...
20­ x2026  
In
Potawatomi (POT) it’s 601. Algonquian language native to the Great Lakes areas of Michigan, Wisconsin, Ontario, and Illinois. One...
20­ x2026
In
Proto-Germanic (???) it’s 602. Reconstructed ancestor (hence the asterisks) of all Germanic languages, last spoken ca. 250 BCE. T⁠he character...
XX­ xMMXXVI  
In
Proto-Slavic (???) it’s 603. Reconstructed ancestor of all Slavic languages, 5th to 8th centuries CE, unattested. Under Byzantine Emperor Michael...
XX­ xMMXXVI  
In
Pukapukan (PKP) it’s 604. Malayo-Polynesian language from Danger Island (Cook Islands group). Several hundred speakers, mostly ex-pat groups in Australia...
20­
Tiulai
x2026
In
Puluwat (PUW) it’s 605. Malayo-Polynesian, Micronesian, Trukic, several hundred speakers on the coral atoll of Poluwat (for­merly Puluwat), seven feet...
20­ x2026
In
Pumi [Qingua or Southern] (PMJ) it’s 606. Sino-Tibetan, Qiangic. Spoken by 22,000 ethnic Pumi in Lanping and Ninglang counties is Yunnan. Pumi uses...
20­
qa55ɣuɑ̃55ʒi13
x2026
In
Pumi [Taoba or Northern] (PMI) it’s 607. Pumi’s other chief dialect, spoken by 55,000 in Sichuan’s Jiulong, Muli and Yanyuan counties, Yunan’s Ninglang...
20­
n̥ǝ35li55mei35
x2026
In
Purepecha (Tarascan) (TSZ) it’s 608. A language isolate of the descendants of the Purépecha civilization — which rivaled that of the...
20­
julio
x2026
In
Puroik (Sulung) (SUV) it’s 609. So far unclassified. Spoken by 20,000 in roughly seven dialects by the Puroik hill tribes people...
२०­
সান্গ আম্ব / सन्गो आम्बो / sango aambo
x२०२६



In
Qeqchi’ (Kekchi) (KEK) it’s 610. Mayan family, half a million speakers in Guatemala and Belize. Q’eqchi’ uses ejectives and accents vir­tually...
20­
juul
x2026
In
Qiang [Horpa/Ergong] (ERO) it’s 611. Sino-Tibetan family, Qiangic, Rgyalrongic, non-tonal, 50,000 Sichuan-area speakers. Linguists call Horpa a “living fossil.” Qiangic languages...
20
 / ɦɛ vdem pa
x2026
In
Qiang [Northern, Central Heishui, Máwō] (CNG) it’s 612. Sino-Tibetan, Qiangic, non-tonal, 130,000 speakers in Eastern Tibet and China’s north-central Sichuan. Features “R-colored” vowels, i.e....
20
 / stəʂ
x2026
In
Qiang [Southern, Taoping] (QXS) it’s 613. Sino-Tibetan, Qiangic, but tonal (unlike Ergong and Máwō in previous entries), 80,000 speakers. As if 6...
20­
ɕiŋ31ʂı33
x2026
In
Qiang [Southern, Western Lixian] (QXS) it’s 614. Sino-Tibetan, Qiangic, tonal, native to Li County, Sichuan. Four subdialects: Puxi, Xuecheng, Muka, and Jiuzi. Grammatical...
20
 / ʂǝnχl
x2026
In
Quechan (Yuma) (YUM) it’s 615. Yuman family, around 300 native speakers in southeastern California and western Arizona. Verbs carry most of...
20­
xaly'á paaxkyée
x2026
In
Quechua [Standard] (QUE) it’s 616. Quechuan family, widely spoken by Inca Empire descendants. Natively it lacks the vowels E and O...
20­ x2026  
In
Quechua [Huallaga] (QUE) it’s 617. Quechua as spoken in the Huánuco Province in Peru. Quechua dialects in the main typically feature...
20­
julyu
x2026
In
Quechua [Northern/Ecuadorian] (QUE) it’s 618. Quechua dialect, called Kitchwa, spoken in Ecuador, Colombia, and Peru. An Ecuadorian Quechua speaker may greet...
20­
purun
x2026
In
Quechua [Southern/Bolivian Cochabamba] (QUH) it’s 619. Of Southern Bolivian Quechua as a whole, there are 1.6 million speakers in Bolivia (where it's...
20­ x2026
In
Quechua [Southern/Cusco ] (QUZ) it’s 620. Modern terminology for the Quechua dialect spoken in the Peru's Cusco region. In Cusco, you might...
20­ x2026  
In
Quechua [Southern/Cusco Imperial] (QUZ) it’s 621. T⁠his is the traditional terminology of the Inca Empire, citing its monthly celebrations. Spellings and word...
20­ x2026
In
Quileute (Quillayute) (QUI) it’s 622. Chimkakuan family, extinct but undergoing revival at the Quileute Tribal School in La Push, Washington. Quirk:...
20­
kʷoʔodʔalitsiḳtiyat
x2026



In
Rade (RAD) it’s 623. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Chamic, Highlands, akin to Cham (q.v.), spoken by 180,000 E-de people in southern Vietnam...
20­
mlan kjuh
x2026
In
Raga (LML) it’s 624. Malayo-Polynesian, 6500 speakers on Vanuatu’s Pentecost Island, home of those death-defying vine jumpers. Raga uses four...
x
In
Rangi (Langi) (LAG) it’s 625. Niger-Congo family, Bantu, with between 270,000 and 410,000 speakers in central Tanzania. Its nouns divide into...
20­
Kʉmʉʉnchɨ
x2026
In
Rapa Nui (Pascuanese) (RAP) it’s 626. Eastern Polynesian, Easter Island, 2700 native speakers. Its endemic writing system, called Rongorongo, remains undeciphered. Month...
20­ x2026
In
Rawang (Krangku) (RAW) it’s 627. Sino-Tibetan family, Tibeto-Burman, Nungish, 63,000 speakers in India and northern Burma. Roman alphabet writing system developed...
20­
shvngøt shvlá
x2026
In
Reel (Atuot) (ATU) it’s 628. Presumably Nilo-Saharan, related to Nuer (q.v.) and Dinka, spoken by some 50,000 Atuot people living near...
20­
Alaathbuor
x2026
In
Rennell-Bellona (Rennellese) (MNV) it’s 629. Malayo-Polynesian, 4000 speakers, Solomon Islands’ Rennell and Bellona provinces. For most people who live there, it's...
20­
Lulae
x2026
In
Rgyalrong [Northwestern, Sidaba] (JYA) it’s 630. Sino-Tibetan, Qiangic. Sidaba, spoken in Sichuan's Xiaojin, Danba, and Baoxing Counties, is one of rGyalrong’s five...
20­
sla wa bdǝn mbɐ
x2026
In
Rohingya (RHG) it’s 631. Indo-European, Indo-Iranic, Bengali-Assamese. Six noun cases. Heavily persecuted, the Rohingya are toughing it out in Burma...
𐴲𐴰
 / acín
x𐴲𐴰𐴲𐴶
In
Romani [Balkan Sofia Erli] (RMN) it’s 632. Romani is a group of Indo-European, Indic languages whose preliterate founders departed from north­ern India sometime...
20­
juli
x2026
In
Romani [Balkan Ursari] (RMN) it’s 633. A Balkan Romani spoken in Moldavia and Romania. An Ursari morning greeting is Lač ho d’es.
20­
julija
x2026
In
Romani [Kale Finnish] (RMF) it’s 634. Indic language by way of Scotland, England, and Scandinavia, spoken by 11,700 Finnish Romani. “Good afternoon!”...
20­
khassesko čoon
x2026
In
Romani [Kale Iberian] (Caló) (RMQ) it’s 635. T⁠his one is spoken by Iberian Peninsula Romani. T⁠he characters singing the famous "Anvil Chorus" in...
20­
ñuntivé
x2026
In
Romani [Kale Welsh] (RMW) it’s 636. Romani variety spoken in Wales until at least 1950, introduced during the 15th century. Its purported...
20­
khasesko munþos
x2026
In
Romani [Vlax] (RMY) it’s 637. Today's most widely spoken Romani, originally the language of the Romani enslaved in the territory of...
20­
eftatonai
x2026
In
Romanian [Meglenitic] (Megleno-Romanian) (RUQ) it’s 638. Eastern Romance, native to Greece, Macedonia, Romania, and Turkey. Some consider Meglenitic a separate language; others...
20­ x2026  
In
Romanian [Old Church/Traditional] (RON) it’s 639. Indo-European, Romance. Romanian used the Cyrillic alphabet from 1521 until 1859 when Moldavia and Wallachia united...
к­ x҂вкѕ
In
Romansh [Grischun] (ROH) it’s 640. Indo-European, Rhaeto-Romance, Switzerland. Romansh comes in five chief dialects. Not included among those is Grischun, a...
20­ x2026
In
Romansh [Putèr] (ROH) it’s 641. Romansh dialect spoken in the Engadine Valley, Switzerland. Often incorrectly referred to as “Ladin,” though not...
20­
lügl
x2026
In
Rombo (Kirombo or Chaga) (ROF) it’s 642. Niger-Congo, Northeast Bantu, spoken in Tanzania's Kilimanaro Region. Four dialects: Keni, Mashati, Mkuu, and Usseri. T⁠he...
20­
Mweri wa saba
x2026
In
Rongga (ROR) it’s 643. Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, spoken in East Nuse Tenggara Province in central Flores, Indonesia. Not to be confused...
20­
wula paka numba
x2026
In
Rongmei Naga (NBU) it’s 644. Sino-Tibetan, Kuki-Chin Naga (?), Zeme. About 94,000 Rongmei live in Assam, Manipur, and Nagaland in Northeast India...
20­
duiluanghbw
x2026
In
Rotokas (ROO) it’s 645. North Bougainville family, spoken by approx. 4000 in Papua New Guinea. Famous for its tiny sound...
20­
erao vatarapa kekira
x2026
In
Russian [Premodern] (RUS) it’s 646. T⁠his was Russian before it adopted neo-Latin (more accurately, Byzantine Greek) month conventions. For several centuries...
к­ x҂вкѕ
In
Russian [Ninilchik] (???) it’s 647. Endangered but still spoken by descendants of 19th century Russian American Company workers in Ninilchik, Alaska...
20­
Yulh
x2026
In
Rusyn (Ruthene or Ruthenian) (RUE) it’s 648. East Slavic, approx. 60,000 current speakers. T⁠hree grammar/spelling standards: Lemko, Panonian, and Prešov. Compared with Russian...
20­ x2026  
In
Rwanda-Rundi [Kinyarwanda] (KIN) it’s 649. Niger-Congo, Bantu. Tonal, official in Rwanda. Of the 20 million speakers for Rwanda-Rundi in total, 9.8...
20­
Ukwa karindwi
x2026
In
Rwanda-Rundi [Kirundi] (RUN) it’s 650. T⁠he other chief dialect of Rwanda-Rundi, spoken in Burundi by 8.8 million. Most speakers refer to...
20­
ukwēzi kwa ndwi
x2026



In
Sa‘a (South Malaita or Apae‘aa) (APB) it’s 651. Malayo-Polynesian, SE Solomonic, spoken by 12,000 in South Malaita, Solomon Islands.
20­ x2026
In
Sabaean (Sabaic or Himyarite) (XSA) it’s 652. Afroasiatic, Old South Arabian, putative language of the Queen of Sheba/Saba, Yemen between ca. 1000 BCE...
𐩲𐩲­
𐩹𐩣𐩹𐩧𐩱𐩬 [ḏmḏrʔn]
x𐩽𐩭𐩲𐩲𐩱𐩱
In
Saho (SSY) it’s 653. Afroasiatic, Cushitic, Lowland East, 220,000 native speakers in Eritrea and in Tigray in Ethiopia, des­cen­dants from...
20­
خَملتٜ / xamle
x2026
In
Sakizaya (SZY) it’s 654. Austronesian, Formosan, Ami, an indigenous language spoken by around 900 on Taiwan (Keelung, Taoyuan City, New...
20­
pitu bulad
x2026
In
Salish, Coastal [Island Halkomelem] (HUR) it’s 655. A language from the Salishan family spoken by approx. 200 on the east coast of Vancouver...
20­ x2026
In
Salish, Coastal [Klallam] (CLM) it’s 656. Salishan family, once heard in the Pacific Northwest on the northern shore of the Olympic Peninsula...
20­
čən̕θəqəy̕
x2026
In
Salish, Coastal [Puget Sound] (Lushootseed) (LUT) it’s 657. Another Salishan language, spoken by several dozen of the Nisqually tribe. T⁠he word “geoduck” (elephant clam)...
20­
pədgʷədbixʷ
x2026
In
Salish, Coastal [Sechelt] (Shashishalhem) (SEC) it’s 658. T⁠his Salishan family language is native to the Sechelt Peninsula area of British Columbia. Fewer than...
20­
temsts՚ iwḵ՚ shalshal
x2026
In
Salish, Coastal [Squamish] (SQU) it’s 659. Salishan, native to Squamish, North Vancouver, and West Vancouver in British Columbia. One remain­ing native speaker...
20­
tem ḵw՚élemexw
x2026
In
Salish, Interior [Kalispel–Spokane–Flathead] (FLA/SPO) it’s 660. Also called Montana Salish, spoken by approx. 100 elders in central Montana's Flathead Nation and the...
20­
esy̓apqini spq̓niʔ
x2026
In
Salish, Interior [Shuswap] (SHS) it’s 661. T⁠he northernmost Interior Salishan language, spoken natively by around 200 in central and southern British Columbia...
20­ x2026
In
Sami [Northern] (SME) it’s 662. Finno-Ugric, 20,000 speakers. T⁠he term “Lapp” for the Sámi language group is considered derogatory and no...
20­ x2026  
In
Sami [Inari] (SMN) it’s 663. Spoken by 300-400 around Lake Inari in northern Finland. To say good-bye to someone leaving in...
20­
syeinimáánu
x2026
In
Sami [Kildin] (SJD) it’s 664. T⁠he Sámi spoken by around 600 in the Lovozero area of the Kola Peninsula and the...
20­
суйнманну [сuynmannu]
x2026
In
Sami [Lule] (SMJ) it’s 665. Spoken by between 1000 and 2000 around the Lule River in Sweden and in Norway's Nordland...
20­
sjnjilltjamánno
x2026
In
Sami [Skolt] (SMS) it’s 666. Seriously endangered, 400 speakers mostly around Sevettijärvi, Finland. Oldest writings date from 1884. T⁠hough millennia removed...
20­
suei’nnmään
x2026
In
Sami [Southern] (SMA) it’s 667. Seriously endangered, 500–600 speakers in Norway’s Snåsa and Hattfjelldal districts. While also refer­enc­ing reindeer husbandry, Southern...
20­ x2026
In
Samlandish (Old Baltic Prussian) (PRG) it’s 668. Indo-European, Baltic (as opposed to Germanic, the other, entirely unrelated “Prussian”), extinct by 1800. While its...
20­ x2026  
In
Samoan [Traditional] (SMO) it’s 669. Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, about 500,000 speakers in the Samoan Islands and ex-pat communities elsewhere. Vocabulary and pronunciation...
20­
Sina
x2026
In
Samogitian (SGS) it’s 670. Indo-European, Baltic, spoken in western Lithuania. A Lithuanian dialect to some, a separate language to others...
20­ x2026  
In
Sango (SAG) it’s 671. Ubangian-derived creole, three tones, central Africa, 450,000 native speakers. Along with French, Sango is an official...
20­
lêngua
x2026
In
Sangu {Tanzania} (SBP) it’s 672. Niger-Congo family, Northeast Bantu, Bena-Kinga, 75,000 speakers in Tanzania's Mbeya Region. Not to be confused with...
20­
Mushipepo
x2026
In
Sanskrit (SAN) it’s 673. Classical Indo-European, Indic language spoken natively between approx. 1500 BCE and 1350 CE. Its living relatives...
𑁨𑁦­
𑀲𑀧𑁆𑀢𑀫𑀫𑀸𑀲 / सप्तममास / saptamamāsa
x𑁨𑁦𑁨𑁬
In
Santali (SAT) it’s 674. Austroasiatic, Munda, spoken by 7.6 million in Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, and Nepal. Uses Ol Chiki alphabet...
᱒᱐
[julāy]
x᱒᱐᱒᱖
In
Saramaccan (SRM) it’s 675. Portuguese/English/Dutch creole with African elements, Suriname. 90,000 speakers, most of whom descend from escaped slaves.
20­ x2026
In
Sardinian [Campidanese] (SRD or SRO) it’s 676. Indo-European, Italic, Romance; 500,000 speakers in Sardinia in the Cagliari metro area and elsewhere in Oristano...
20­ x2026
In
Sardinian [Gallurese] (SDN) it’s 677. Sardinia's Gallura region and elsewhere in the Northeast, 100,000 speakers. It has more noticeable Spanish and...
20­ x2026  
In
Sardinian [Logudorese ] (SRD or SRC) it’s 678. Half a million speakers in the central-southern Sardinian province of Sassari, northern parts of the...
20­ x2026
In
Sardinian [Logudorese Nuorese] (SRD or SRC) it’s 679. Subdialect with features found nowhere else on Sardinia including some th (IPA symbol θ) sounds and...
20­
trégulas
x2026
In
Sardinian [Sassarese] (SDC) it’s 680. 100,000 speakers tending toward the north of the island. Its origins go back to the 16th...
20­
trìura
x2026
In
Satawalese (STW) it’s 681. Malayo-Polynesian, Micronesian, Trukic, spoken by 500 on Satawal, Yap, and other islands and atolls of the...
20­ x2026  
In
Saxwe (Tsáphɛ) (SXW) it’s 682. Niger-Congo family, Gbe group, tonal, spoken by 170,000 in Benin. Most speakers understand some Fon (q.v.)...
20­
Tyantwɛnsun
x2026
In
Secoya (Pai Coca) (SEY) it’s 683. Tucanoan family, spoken by 1200 in Peru and Ecuador along the Putumayo and Vaupés Rivers. Nouns...
20­
sësënau
x2026
In
Sedang (SED) it’s 684. Austroasiatic language native to Vietnam’s Central Highlands and adjacent areas of Laos with 100,000 speakers. Famously...
20­
khế tơpah
x2026
In
Seediq [Truku/Taroko] (TRV) it’s 685. Austronesian, Formosan, Atayalic. Indigenous language from northern Taiwan with 20,000 speakers. In 1930 the Seediq people...
20­
empitu idas
x2026
In
Sekani [Fraser Lake] (SEK) it’s 686. Athabaskan language spoken by a few dozen in British Columbia. Bitonal, contrastive nasalized vowels. T⁠he name...
20­ x2026
In
Sekani [McLeod Lake and Tsek’ene] (SEK) it’s 687. Two other Sekani dialects. Left term is McLeod Lake; right, Tsek’ene. In Tsek’ene, when greeting a...
20­
Jije inza / Jìje dinììdulh
x2026
In
Selkup (SEL) it’s 688. Uralic, Samoyedic. Siberia’s Yamalo-Nenets region, 1500 speakers. T⁠he language has a uvular trill (IPA ʀ), which...
20­ x2026  
In
Serbian [Orthodox] (SRP) it’s 689. Serbian Orthodox Church tradition. Its non-Russian Cyrillic character Ђ / ђ represents the j sound in “jar,”...
20­ x2026
In
Serbian [Premodern/Folk] (SRP) it’s 690. Serbian folk tradition, pre-19th century. Many Turkish loanwords — 8000 or so — from the Ottoman...
20­ x2026  
In
Seri (SEI) it’s 691. Indigenous language isolate spoken by 720 in coastal Sonora, Mexico. Nine definite articles dependent on proximity...
20­ x2026
In
Seychellois Creole (Seselwa) (CRS) it’s 692. French-based creole of Seychelles with Malagasy, Bantu, English, and Hindi loans, 70,000 speakers, its standardization maintained...
20­
zilyet
x2026
In
Shan (SHN) it’s 693. Kra-Dai language, tonal. Spoken in Burma, T⁠hailand, and China. Virtually all are bilingual with Burmese (q.v.)...
႒႐­
လိူၼ််ပႅတ် [lunpät]
x႒႐႒႖
In
Shawiya Berber (Tachawit) (SHY) it’s 694. Afroasiatic, Berber, spoken by the Chaouis of eastern Algeria’s Aurès Mountains. As ancient Numidia, this was...
ⵔⵔ­
yulyu / ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ
xⴵⴵⵔⵔⵦ⁠ⵏ⁠
In
Shawnee (SJW) it’s 695. An Algonquian language with fewer than 200 speakers in Oklahoma, originally native to Tennessee's Cumberland River...
20­ x2026  
In
Sheko (SHE) it’s 696. Afroasiatic, Omotic, Dizoid, spoken natively between the towns of Tepi and Mizan Teferi in western Ethiopia...
20­
kādū ʔyatsʼn
x2026
In
Sherpa (XSR) it’s 697. Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Tibetic. Spoken by 150,000 in Nepal, Tibet, and Kashmir. Tonal. In 1953, Sherpa Tenzing...
२०­
दावा दिन्बा / dāwā dinbā
x२०२६
In
Shinasha (Borna or Boro) (BWO) it’s 698. Afroasiatic, either North or South Omotic (depending on whose paper you take to heart) dialect cluster...
20­
mashats ni’i
x2026
In
Shixing (SXG) it’s 699. A scantily documented Sino-Tibetan, Qiangic language of the Sichuan and Tibet Autonomous Regions. Spoken by fewer...
20­
ʂε̃55ɬɯ55
x2026
In
Shona (SNA) it’s 700. Bantu language spoken by over 8 million, official in Zimbabwe but also heard in Botswana, Mozambique...
20­ x2026  
In
Shor [Mrassu] (CJS) it’s 701. Turkic. Both Shor dialects together claim 2800 speakers in Siberia’s Kemerovo Oblast, a mountainous, wooded expanse...
20­ x2026
In
Shoshoni (Shoshone) [Eastern] (SHH) it’s 702. Uto-Aztecan family. In all dialects inclusive, natively spoken by 1000 in Idaho, Nevada, Utah, and Wyoming...
20­ x2026
In
Shuar (JIV) it’s 703. Aénts Chicham family, 35,000 jungle-dwelling speakers in Ecuador's Morona-Santiago and Pastaza Provinces. Not to be confused...
20­ x2026  
In
Sicilian (SCN) it’s 704. Indo-European, Romance, combining heavy Arabic and Greek influence with pre-Indo-European roots. Other traits include its relative...
20­
giugnèttu
x2026
In
Sikaiana (SKY) it’s 705. Malayo-Polynesian, spoken by 750 on the small, isolated atoll of Sikaiana in the Solomon Islands. Different...
20­
Tiulai
x2026
In
Silesian (SZL) it’s 706. West Slavic, spoken by half a million in Poland and the Czech Republic. Some authorities consider...
20­ x2026
In
Sinhala (Sinhalese) [Premodern] (SIN) it’s 707. Indo-European, Indic, 17 million speakers, Sri Lanka. Uses unusual, prenasalized consonants — a kind of m...
෨෦­
ඇසළ [äsala]
x෨෦෨෬
In
Siona (Bai Coca) (SNN) it’s 708. Tucanoan family, spoken by 500 Siona people in Colombia and Ecuador along the Putumayo River. Franciscan...
20­
sẽsẽdaube
x2026
In
Slavey [North] (SCS) it’s 709. Na-Dené, Athabaskan. Slavey as a whole has around 1800 speakers among the Slavey and Sahtu people...
20­
Det’one ehcué Sah
x2026
In
Slavey [South] (XSL) it’s 710. T⁠his Slavey dialect is heard principally in the MacKenzie region. It lists 1000 speakers. While a...
20­
Ɂįhbé tani zá
x2026
In
Slavonic [Old Church] (CHU) it’s 711. Indo-European, Slavic. Its earliest written form dates from Saint Cyril’s Glagolitic alphabet (left). Its successor...
к­ x҂вкѕ  
In
Slavonic [New Church] (CHU) it’s 712. Current liturgical language used in conservative Slavic European Orthodox churches and the American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese...
20­
і҆́лїй [yúlyi]
x2026
In
Slovenian [Standard Premodern] (SLV) it’s 713. Indo-European, South Slavic, standardized from the Carniolan and other dialects during the 18th century. Not to...
20­ x2026  
In
Slovenian [Prekmurian Premodern] (SLV) it’s 714. Prekmurian is spoken in Northeast Slovenia and western Hungary. It's sufficiently divergent from Slovenian that many...
20­ x2026
In
Slovenian [Resian] (SLV) it’s 715. From the Resia Valley in Italy's Udine Province and showing heavy Italic influences. Most of its...
20­ x2026  
In
Somali (SOM) it’s 716. Afroasiatic, Cushitic. Employs vowel harmony and three tones, spoken in the horn of Africa and in...
𐒢𐒠­
bisha todobaad / 𐒁𐒘𐒉𐒖 𐒂𐒙𐒆𐒙𐒁𐒛𐒆 / بِشَ تٔدٔبَاد
x𐒢𐒠𐒢𐒦
In
Soninke (SNK) it’s 717. Niger-Congo family, Western Mande, official in Mali, Senegal, T⁠he Gambia, and Mauritania and also spoken in...
20­
سُلُىِنخَسُ / suluyenxaso
x2026
In
Sora (SRB) it’s 718. Austroasiatic family, Munda, 410,000 speakers in Andhra Pradesh and the Ganjam and Gajapati districts of Orissa...
𑃲𑃰­ x𑃲𑃰𑃲𑃶
In
Sorbian (Lusatian or Wend) [Lower Premodern] (WEN) it’s 719. Indo-European, West Slavic, spoken by 10,000 in lower Saxony (Brandenburg). Six noun cases. Mina Witkojc (1893–1975)...
20­ x2026
In
Sorbian (Lusatian or Wend) [Upper Premodern] (WEN) it’s 720. Indo-European, West Slavic, spoken by 40,000 in upper Saxony. Seven noun cases -- one more than...
20­
pražnik
x2026
In
Sotho (Sesotho) (SOT) it’s 721. Niger-Congo, Southern Bantu, spoken in Lesotho (where it's the official language) and South Africa. It's tonal...
20­ x2026
In
Sotho [Northern] (Sepedi) (SOT) it’s 722. Another dialect of Sotho spoken in South Africa, though actually more closely related to three other...
20­
Phuphu
x2026
In
Southern Min [Taiwanese Hokkien] (NAN) it’s 723. Sino-Tibetan, spoken by 13.5 million on coastal Taiwan. Unintelligible even with some other Min branch languages...
x  
In
Standard Moroccan Berber (Tamazight) (ZGH) it’s 724. Afroasiatic, Berber, standardized in 2011 through amendments to the Moroccan Constitution. ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵎⴷⵖ...
ⵔⵔ­
ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ [yulyuz]
xⴵⴵⵔⵔⵦ⁠ⵏ⁠
In
Sudovian (Yotvingian) (XSV) it’s 725. Indo-European, Baltic, unfortunately extinct by 1600. It was mutually intelligible with Samlandish (q.v.). A major trove...
20­
leipa
x2026
In
Sumi (Sema) (NSM) it’s 726. Sino-Tibetan, Angami–Pochuri. Spoken by 350,000 Sümi Naga in Northeast India near the Burmese border. Unusually rich...
20­
Ani qhi
x2026
In
Sumo (Mayangna) [Northern, Tawakha] (YAN) it’s 727. Misumalpan family, 9000 speakers in Nicaragua and Honduras. T⁠his dialect is spoken at the mouth of...
20­ x2026
In
Sumo (Mayangna) [Southern, Ulwa] (ULW) it’s 728. Another Sumo dialect with about 400 speakers in eastern Nicaragua. Rather than pry into a recipient’s...
20­ x2026
In
Svan (Svanuri) (SVA) it’s 729. Kartvelian family — like Georgian, Mingrelian, and Laz (qq.v.) but the most divergent and furthest removed...
­
გუ̂ირკ [gûirk ̓]
xცკვ
In
Swazi (siSwati) (SSW) it’s 730. Niger-Congo, Bantu. Swaziland (official), Lesotho, Mozambique, and South Africa. T⁠hree tones, none expressed in writing. Upon...
20­
khólwáne
x2026
In
Swedish [Traditional/Folk] (SWE) it’s 731. North Germanic, descended from Old Norse. T⁠his is its premodern terminology. Swedish, but not uniquely: Inhaling...
20­ x2026
In
Syriac Aramaic (SYC) it’s 732. Afroasiatic, Northwest Semitic, used liturgically by Syrian Christians in Turkey, Iraq, Syria, and Armenia. T⁠hough they...
ܟ­ xܟܩܟܘ  



In
Tabasaran (TAB) it’s 733. Northeast Caucasian language spoken in two chief dialects by 126,900 in southern Dagestan as of 2010...
20­ x2026  
In
Tacana (TNA) it’s 734. Western Tacanan family, 559 native speakers out of 18,500 ethnic Tacanas living in the Beni...
20­
badhi sukuta piadh
x2026
In
Tachelhit (Shilha or Sussian) (SHI) it’s 735. Afroasiatic, Berber, southern Morocco (or central Morocco, if you recognize its shaky claim on Western Sahara)...
ⵔⵔ­
ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ [yulyuz]
xⴵⴵⵔⵔⵦ⁠ⵏ⁠
In
Tagalog [Pre-colonial] (TGL) it’s 736. Malayo-Polynesian, Central Philippine, spoken by approx. 70 million (28 million fluently). T⁠his is the endemic terminology...
20­
pangalan nang buan ikapito sa lakad nang taon
x2026
In
Taita (Daw'ida) (DAV) it’s 737. Niger-Congo family, Bantu. 400,000 speakers in Kenya’s Taita Hills. Taita has three chief dialects, Daw’ida, Kasigau...
20­
Mori ghwa mfungade
x2026
In
Taki Taki (Sranan Tongo) (SRN) it’s 738. An English/Dutch/Portuguese/West African creole spoken by half a million in Suriname. Likely the world’s smallest vocabulary...
20­
Seibimun
x2026
In
Talinga (Lubwisi) (TLJ) it’s 739. Niger-Congo family, Bantu, 99,000 speakers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (where they call it...
20­
Kwamusanju
x2026
In
Tamahaq (THV) it’s 740. Afroasiatic, Berber, Northern Tuareg language spoken in Algeria, western Libya, and northern Niger. T⁠hree varieties...
20­
yulin
x2026
In
Tamambo (Malo) (MLA) it’s 741. Malayo-Polynesian, Southern Oceanic, West Santo, 4000 speakers on Vanuatu's Malo Island and Espiritu Santo. Plural pronouns...
20­ x2026
In
Tamil (TAM) it’s 742. Dravidian family, India. Diverged from Malayalam in the 9th century CE. T⁠he words “catamaran” and “corundum”...
௨௦­
زُولَی / ஜூலை [jūlai]
x௨௦௨௬
In
Tanacross (TCB) it’s 743. Athabaskan language with approx. 30 speakers, Middle Tanana River, Alaska. Earliest written records of it date...
20­
saa dze’edeex dé’
x2026
In
Tangsa [Hakhun][Premodern] (NST) it’s 744. Sino-Tibetan, Brahmaputran, Konyak. Its Hakhun dialect, shown here, is spoken by 10,000 in India's Arunachal Pradesh...
/ runghwe da
x
In
Tangut (TXG) it’s 745. Sino-Tibetan, Qiangic, of northwestern China but long extinct. Tangut’s 6800-odd character script dates from 1036. In...
x
In
Tasawaq (Ingelshi) (TWQ) it’s 746. Tentatively assigned to Nilo-Saharan, Songhay, though heavily influenced by Hausa and Berber languages. Spoken in the...
20­
žuyye
x2026
In
Tatar [Central or Kazan] (TAT) it’s 747. Turkic, spoken in Tatarstan. Tatar is on the decline, being supplanted by Russian despite Tatarstan’s constitution...
20­
yül / یئول
x2026
In
Telugu (TEL) it’s 748. Dravidian, Andhra Pradesh, the fourth most heavily spoken language in India. Like all Brahmic scripts, Telugu's...
౨౦­
జులై [jūlēi]
x౨౦౨౬
In
Tem (Kotokoli) (KDH) it’s 749. Niger-Congo family, Gur, Gurunsi, 340,000 speakers in Togo, Ghana, and Benin, tonal. T⁠he ɖ is retro­flex;...
20­
ajɛnjɛlɩ́m
x2026
In
Temne (TEM) it’s 750. Niger-Congo, Bantu language spoken in Sierra Leone, four tones. Uses a modified Roman alphabet with the...
20­
Aṅ’óf abána
x2026
In
Teso (Ateso) (TEO) it’s 751. Nilo-Saharan language spoken in Kenya, Uganda by 1.6 million. Not strictly tonal but shows con­trast­ive syllable...
20­ x2026
In
Tetum (Tetun) (TET) it’s 752. Malayo-Polynesian language with Portuguese influences, East Timor, 500,000 speakers. As of 2002, it and Portuguese are...
20­
jullu
x2026
In
T⁠hadou-Kuki (TCZ) it’s 753. An endangered Sino-Tibetan, Kuki-Chin language spoken by 230,000 in Manipur and Assam in Northeast India and...
20­
lhamul
x2026
In
T⁠hai (THA) it’s 754. Kra-Dai family. T⁠hrough Buddhism, T⁠hai absorbed much Sanskrit and Pali. T⁠he  ◌marks a relic...
๒๐
 / กรกฎาคม [kàrákàdaakhom]
x๒๐๒๖
In
Tibetan (BOD) it’s 755. Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman. Agglutinative, bitonal, three speech registers: informal, polite/respectful, and religious/scriptural. Lhasa Tibetan also possesses mirativity...
༢༠­
ཟླ་བ་བདུན་པ་ / [zla ba dbun pa]
x༢༠༢༦
In
Tigrinya (TIR) it’s 756. Afroasiatic, South Semitic. Ethiopia & Eritrea, 9 million speakers, related to Blin (q.v.). Like English but...
­
ሓምለ [hamle]
x፳፳፮
In
Timbisha [Panamint] (PAR) it’s 757. Uto-Aztecan family, native to California's Owens and Death Valleys and parts of Nevada, 20 speakers at...
20­
taattsüwim müattsi
x2026
In
Tiriyó (Trio) (TRI) it’s 758. Cariban family, Taranoan, spoken by 2100 in Brazil's Pará State and in Suriname's Sipaliwini District. Its...
20­
juuripo
x2026
In
Tiwa [Southern] {New Mexico} (TIX) it’s 759. From the Tanoan family, spoken by 1600 at Isleta Pueblo and Sandia Pueblo, New Mexico and...
20­
Huliu
x2026
In
Tlingit (TLI) it’s 760. Na-Dené family, USA Pacific Northwest, nearly extinct. Tlingit women traditionally wore lip plates. Since the language...
20­ x2026  
In
Tobian (TOX) it’s 761. Malayo-Polynesian, Micronesian, Trukic, critically endangered, native to Palau's states of Hatohobei, Koror, and Sonsorol, 150 native...
20­
hafisuwari maham
x2026
In
Tocharian B (TXB) it’s 762. Tocharian was a branch of Indo-European, extinct since the ninth century, spoken in China’s Tarim Basin...
 / meñe ṣuktante
x
In
Tofalar (Tofa or Karagas) (KIM) it’s 763. Turkic, mildly tonal, closely related to Tuvan (q.v.), moribund with approx. 90 speakers in Russia’s Irkutsk...
20­ x2026  
In
Tok Pisin (New Guinea Pidgin) (TPI) it’s 764. English-based creole with 120,000 fluent speakers and another 4 million with L 2 proficiency, the lingua franca...
20­
numba seven mun
x2026
In
Tokelauan [Traditional] (TKL) it’s 765. Malayo-Polynesian, approx. 4300 speakers in American Samoa (on Tokelau and Swains Island) and New Zealand. Tokelauan...
20­
Toe Utuā
x2026
In
Tolowa (Siletz Dee-ni) (TOL) it’s 766. Na-Dené, Pacific Coast Athabaskan, natively extinct. Linguist Loren Bommelyn teaches Tolowa in Crescent City, CA. It...
20­
Srch’ee-te num-nii-man’s
x2026
In
Tonga (Nyasa) [Traditional] (TOG) it’s 767. Niger-Congo, Bantu, Botatwe (according to some) language spoken by 170,000 in T⁠he Republic of Malawi. Tonal...
20­ x2026
In
Tongan [Premodern] (TON) it’s 768. Malayo-Polynesian, Kingdom of Tonga, 187,000 speakers. Only one vowel per syllable, no clustered consonants. Tongan’s counting...
20­ x2026  
In
Trique [Copala] (TRC) it’s 769. Oto-Manguean family, Mixtecan branch, spoken in San Juan Copala, Oaxaca, Mexico and by migrants in San...
20­ x2026
In
Trique [Chicahuaxtla] (TRC) it’s 770. Trique dialect of 6000 in San Andrés Chicahuaxtla, Oaxaca, Mexico. Chicahuaxtla may be one of the...
20­
júlyúu
x2026
In
Tsafiki (Tsachila or Colorado) (COF) it’s 771. Barbacoan family, spoken by 2300 ethnic Tsachilas in Ecuador. Possesses mirativity and evidentiality — grammatical indicators...
20­
tso'tsola sun pe
x2026
In
Tsez (Dido) (DDO) it’s 772. Northeast Caucasian, endangered, 15,000 speakers in southern Dagestan. Rich consonant inventory, but like others of its...
20­
ийул [iyul]
x2026
In
Tshangla (Sharchop) (TSJ) it’s 773. Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, spoken by 170,000 in Bhutan’s Trashigang district, Tibet, and Arunachal Pradesh in India. Rarely...
༢༠­
དཝ དུན་པ / dawa dunpa
x༢༠༢༦
In
Tsimshian [Coast] (TSI) it’s 774. Indigenous Tsimshianic family language spoken by around 240 in British Columbia and Alaska. Unusually wide consonant...
20­ x2026
In
Tsonga (TSO) it’s 775. Niger-Congo family, Bantu, 7 million speakers in southern Africa. Uses whistling sounds and a single click...
20­ x2026  
In
Tswana (Setswana) (TSN) it’s 776. Niger-Congo family, Bantu; official in Botswana, Zimbabwe, South Africa. Like Gourmantché (q.v.), Tswana nouns divide into...
20­ x2026
In
Tuareg [Tamasheq] (TAQ) it’s 777. Afroasiatic, Berber, traditionally of the Kel Adrar people, a dialect/subset of Tuareg spoken by half a...
ⵔⵔ­
ⵢⵓⵍⴻⵣ [yulyez]
xⴵⴵⵔⵔⵦ⁠ⵏ⁠
In
Tujia [Southern] (TJS) it’s 778. Sino-Tibetan, but unclassified within that family due to its extensive borrowing from neighboring languages. Tonal, spoken...
20­
tɕhi21 jye21
x2026
In
Tulu (TCY) it’s 779. Dravidian, of Tulu Nadu, Southwest India. A second century Greek play, Mimítis filanthropías, features characters possibly...
x  
In
Tumbuka (TUM) it’s 780. Niger-Congo, Bantu. Speakers in Malawi, Zambia, & Tanzania. Between 1.5 and 2 million speakers. Tumbuka was...
20­
Julayi
x2026
In
Tunica (TUN) it’s 781. Isolate of central Louisiana, natively extinct since the 1948 death of Mr. Sesostrie Youchigant, but now...
20­ x2026  
In
Turkish [Standard] (TUR) it’s 782. From the Altaic family. Earliest inscriptions, eighth century CE, found in Mongolia. Turkish’s trade­mark undotted I...
20­ x2026  
In
Turkish [Meskhetian] (TUR) it’s 783. Dialect spoken by the Turkish Meskheti diaspora throughout Russia. Before Stalin's forced expulsions, the Meskhetian homeland...
20­ x2026
In
Turkish [Ottoman] (TUR) it’s 784. Turkish of the Ottoman Empire before 20th century reforms. Ottoman Turkish borrowed over 80% of its...
۲۰­
تموز / temmuz
x۲۰۲۶
In
Turkmen 1 [Pre-Niyazov] (TUK) it’s 784 a. Altaic family, Turkic, Oghuz. Nine million speakers, largely intelligible with Azeri and Turkish. But unlike Turkish...
20­
iýul
x2026
In
Turkmen 2 [Post-Niyazov] (TUK) it’s 784 b. As decreed by President-For-Life Saparmurat Niyazov (1940 –2006)
20­ x2026  
In
Turkmen 3 [Post-Post-Niyazov] (TUK) it’s 784 c. Since 2008, back by popular demand!
20­
iýul
x2026
In
Tuscarora (TUS) it’s 785. T⁠hat last native speaker of this Northern Iroquoian language, Kenneth Patterson, died in 2020. Nominally its...
20­
kęnhyehé∙θuʔ
x2026
In
Tutchone [Northern] (TTM) it’s 786. Na-Dené family, North Athabaskan, about 350 native speakers of Tutchone as a whole. T⁠his northern subgroup:...
20­ x2026
In
Tutchone [Southern, Aishihik] (TCE) it’s 787. Southern or Aishihik Tutchone is spoken in the Yukon communities of Aishihik, Burwash Landing, Champagne, Haines...
20­ x2026  
In
Tuvan (TYV) it’s 788. A Turkic language with Mongolian loans spoken by 280,000 in the Russian Republic of Tuva in...
­
𐰲𐰅𐰓𐰃 𐰀𐰖 / чеди ай [čedi ay]
x
In
Tuvan [Todzhu] (TUN) it’s 789. Northeastern dialect of Tuvan spoken near the upper course of the Great Yenisey River of Krasnoyarsk...
20­ x2026
In
Tzotzil (TZO) it’s 790. Mayan family, Cholan-Tzeltalan branch, spoken by 400,000 in Chiapas, Mexico. T⁠he verb opens the sentence...
20­
hulyo
x2026



In
Uab Meto (AOZ) it’s 791. Malayo-Polynesian family, unusual gender distinctions, spoken by 800,000 Atoni people in Indonesian West Timor. Not counting...
20­
fun-hitu’
x2026
In
Udi [Traditional] (UDI) it’s 792. Northeast Caucasian, Lezgic, 8000 speakers in Russia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Armenia. Russian, Azerbaijani and Armenian...
20­
ец’на / ec’na [et̓šna]
x2026
In
Udi [Old] (Gargarian or Caucasian Albanian) (XAG) it’s 793. Northeast Caucasian, Lezgic, genetically unrelated to Albanian. Dating from the 6th to the 8th cen­tur­ies, it...
𐔺­ x𐕌𐔺𐔵
In
Udmurt (Votyak) (UDM) it’s 794. Uralic family, related to Komi (q.v.), 500,000 speakers in the central Urals. Natively lacks an f...
20­ x2026  
In
Ukrainian (UKR) it’s 795. Indo-European, East Slavic, Polish affinities. Unlike Russian, Г is pronounced as an h; hard g...
20­ x2026  
In
Ukrainian [Premodern] (UKR) it’s 796. Older Ukrainian. T⁠he character  / represents the u sound, rendered in modern Cyrillic as...
20­ x2026
In
Unami (UNM) it’s 797. Algonquian language of the New Jersey/Delaware area Lenape people, whose last native speaker, Edward T⁠hompson of...
20­ x2026
In
Upper Chinook [Clackamas] (WAC) it’s 798. From the Chinookan family of Northwest Oregon. Upper Chinook went extinct with the death of its...
20­
waqxu’li
x2026
In
Upper Kuskokwim (KUU) it’s 799. Athabaskan, only 40 speakers (Alaska). Features an unvoiced n sound. Revival efforts currently underway through T⁠he...
20­ x2026
In
Urhobo (URH) it’s 800. Niger-Congo, Edoid, spoken by half a million living near the Niger River or in boats on...
20­
eghwerẹ́
x2026
In
Uyghur (UIG) it’s 801. Turkic, loans from Persian, Russian, Chinese. Spoken in China’s Xinjiang region by 8-10 million. Not to...
۲۰­
يهتتىنچى ئاي / yettinchi ay
x۲۰۲۶



In
Vai (VAI) it’s 802. Niger-Congo family, Mande. Tonal, 75,000 speakers, Liberia. Its syllabary writing system was devised by Momolu Duwalu...
꘢꘠­
ꖱꕞꔤ / sôᶇ fè’á
x꘢꘠꘢꘦
In
Venda (VEN) it’s 803. Niger-Congo family, Bantu branch. Spoken by 1.3 million speakers and understood by another 1.7 million in...
20­
Fulwana
x2026
In
Venetian (VEC) it’s 804. Spoken in and around Venice, also in Brazil's Rio Grande do Sul and the Mexican city...
20­
lujo
x2026
In
Veps (VEP) it’s 805. Finno-Ugric, approx. 6300 speakers mostly near the Gulf of Finland. It has 23 noun cases, the...
20­ x2026  
In
Vietnamese (Annamese) (VIE) it’s 806. Austroasiatic family, at one time written with Chinese-derived script called Chữ nôm as shown...
20
tháng bảy
x2026
In
Voro (VRO) it’s 807. Uralic, Finnic, related to Veps on the previous page, 80,000 speakers in southern Estonia. Unlike Estonian...
20­ x2026  
In
Votic (Votian or Vote) (VOT) it’s 808. Also Finnic, fewer than 20 speakers in two villages near Narva, Estonia. Like other Finnic languages...
20­
juuli
x2026



In
Wa [Parauk] (PRK) it’s 809. Austroasiatic, Mon-Khmer, spoken by 820,000 hilltop-dwelling ethnic Wa in T⁠hailand, Burma, southern China. Wa's scripts have...
20­
kʰiʔ ʔəlia̤h
x2026
In
Waali {Ghana} (WLX) it’s 810. Niger-Congo family, Gur, Moré–Dagbani, 140,000 speakers centered around the city of Wa and nearby villages in...
20­
‘chiuri ayo‘poin daana
x2026
In
Waama (Yoabu) (WWA) it’s 811. Niger-Congo, Gur, Oti-Volta, spoken by 50,000 in Benin. Closely related to Mbèlimè and Moba (qq.v.). Most...
20­ x2026
In
Wallisian (East Uvean) (WLS) it’s 812. Polynesian, spoken by around 10,000 on Wallis Island of Wallis and Futuna. Akin to Rennell-Bellona and...
20­
sūlio
x2026
In
Walloon (WLN) it’s 813. Indo-European, Romance, Langue d’oïl, native to Belgium's Wallonia region. Despite its traditional label as a French...
20­
di djulete
x2026
In
Waorani (Sabela or Auishiri) (AUC) it’s 814. Language isolate spoken by 2000 mostly Huaorani natives in Ecuador's Napo, Orellana, and Pastaza Provinces plus...
20­
yepegantede
x2026
In
Warao (WBA) it’s 815. T⁠his is an endangered language isolate spoken by 32,000 on Trinidad and along the northeast coast...
20­
waniku mojo matana manamo
x2026
In
Waray-Waray [Premodern] (WAR) it’s 816. Malayo-Polynesian, Central Visayan, 2.6 million speakers, Philippines. Baybayin script shown. Waray-Waray uses a sound, called the...
­
ᜐᜃᜑᜓᜈ᜔ / sakahon
x
In
Wayuu (Goajiro) (GUC) it’s 817. Arawakan family, Northern, spoken by 305,000 in Northwest Venezuela and Northeast Colombia. Vowels can be short...
20­
juulio
x2026
In
Welsh (Cymric) (CYM) it’s 818. Indo-European, Celtic, Brythonic. Over 700,000 speakers in Wales, England, Argentina, Canada, and the US. DD is...
20­ x2026  
In
Winnebago (Ho-Chunk) (WIN) it’s 819. Siouan family, related to Chiwere (q.v.), native to an area stretching from Lake Michigan's southwestern shore...
20­ x2026
In
Wintu (WNW) it’s 820. Wintuan family, Northern. Shasta, Siskiyou, and Trinity Counties, California; extinct though under revival by both tribal...
20­ x2026
In
Woleaian (WLE) it’s 821. Malayo-Polynesian, spoken by 1700 in the Federated States of Micronesia. While their language uses foreign loans...
20­
gafisuuweli merame
x2026
In
Wolof (WOL) it’s 822. Niger-Congo language. Senegal, Gambia, Mauritania. T⁠he terms "okay" and "hep cat" may possibly have come from...
20­
ndéeyi koor / ندٖييِ کٔورْ
x2026
In
Wutun (Ngandehua) (WUH) it’s 823. A preliterate Chinese/Tibetan/Mongolic creole with 2000 speakers in the villages of Upper Wutun and Lower...
20­
ci-yai
x2026
In
Wymysorys (Wilamowicean or Vilamovian) (WYM) it’s 824. West Germanic, on the brink of extinction but now under active revival in Poland...
20­
jū̇li
x2026



In
Xhosa [Traditional] (XHO) it’s 825. Niger-Congo, Southern Bantu. Bitonal, with many unusual consonants including 18 clicks. T⁠hese features get a serious...
20­ x2026  
In
Xincan [Jutiapa] (XIN) it’s 826. Actually a family of natively extinct isolates, still spoken by a handful in Guatemala as an...
20­
puhwa ʔawa
x2026



In
Yakut (Sakha) (SAH) it’s 827. Northern Turkic, grammatically genderless, spoken by 450,000 in the Yakutia Republic in northern Siberia. Its capital...
20­
от ыйа [ot ɯya]
x2026
In
Yanesha’ (Amuesha) (AME) it’s 828. Arawakan family. Spoken by approx. 7000 Yanesha’ in the Peruvian Amazon. Vowels are A, E, and...
20­
moncnem̃
x2026
In
Yangben (Central Yambasa) (YAV) it’s 829. Niger-Congo family, Southern Bantoid, spoken by 17,000 in Cameroon. Yambasa children typically learn French as their...
20­
efute
x2026
In
Yapese [Marbaq/Yap] (YAP) it’s 830. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, 6000 speakers for all dialects inclusive on the Yap islands in the Federated...
20­
Tafagiif
x2026
In
Yaqui (Hiaki) (YAQ) it’s 831. Uto-Aztecan family, 17,500 speakers in Sonora, Mexico; another 430 in Arizona. Seven noun cases. Special feature:...
20­
woobujmet
x2026
In
Yi (Nuosu) (III) it’s 832. Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, spoken by 2 million ethnic Yi in China and Southeast Asia. Yi’s script is...
20­
ꏃꆪ / shyp ma
x2026
In
Yi (Nuosu) (III) it’s 833. Alternate terminology. Yi mythology had its people fending off with torches the pests sent by an...
20­ x2026
In
Yiddish (Judaeo-German) (YID) it’s 834. Old High German substrate with Hebrew, Aramaic, and Slavic loans, around 3 million speakers world­wide. It...
20­
יולי [yuli]
x2026
In
Yiddish (Judaeo-German) [13th Century] (YID) it’s 835. T⁠his is Yiddish from 1246–1247, one of the earliest known written records of Judaeo-German in existence...
כ­ xב׳כו
In
Yimkhiungrü [Langa] (YIM) it’s 836. Sino-Tibetan, Central Naga, 83,000 speakers of all dialects inclusive in India’s Nagaland and adjacent. Accord­ing to...
20­
langzü
x2026
In
Yoruba (YOR) it’s 837. Niger-Congo family, spoken in Nigeria and Benin, tonal, language of the Oyo Empire (ca. 1300–1896). Left...
20­ x2026  
In
Yugur, Western {China} (YBE) it’s 838. Turkic, Yenissei Turkic branch, 4600 speakers in China's Sunan Yugur Autonomous County. Not to be confused...
20­
yitïnçï ay
x2026
In
Yukaghir [Tundra] (YKG) it’s 839. Of a moribund two-language family, spoken by several dozen in the Russian Far East, this is...
20­ x2026  
In
Yupik [Central Siberian] (ESS) it’s 840. Eskimo-Aleut family, Bering Strait area, about 1200 speakers — most of them on the US side...
­ x  
In
Yup’ik [Mid-Alaskan] (ESU) it’s 841. Of the Eskimo-Aleut family, the major Yup’ik dialect, 20,000 speakers, the second most heavily spoken indigenous...
­ x  
In
Yup’ik [Chevak Cup’ik] (ESU) it’s 842. A Yupi’k sub-dialect of Hooper Bay, Alaska. Only a few speakers, critically threatened. Genderless.
­ x



In
Zapotec, Isthmus (Juchitán Zapotec) (ZAI) it’s 843. Oto-Manguean, Central Zapotec, 85,000 speakers in Tehuantepec and Juchitán in Mexico's State of Oaxaca. Rich inventory...
20­ x2026
In
Zapotec, Western Tlacolula Valley [Teotitlán del Valle] (ZAB) it’s 844. Documented in 2014 by linguist Brook Danielle Lillehaugen. Of Western Tlacolula Valley Zapotec's six dialects, Teotitlán...
20­
july
x2026
In
Zarma (Dyerma) [Premodern] (DJE) it’s 845. Nilo-Saharan family, Songhay group, spoken by 3. 6 million in Southwest Niger. Adds Ɲ (N with left...
20­ x2026  
In
Zaza (Zazaki or Dimli) [Premodern] (ZZA) it’s 846. Indo-European, Indo-Iranic, 2-4 million speakers, mostly in Turkey. First written in 1850 using a Perso-Arabic script...
۲۰­ x۲۰۲۶  
In
Zhuang (ZHA) it’s 847. Kra-Dai family, six tones, spoken in China’s Guangxi region. It has 16 chief dialects of widely...
20­
nin caet
x2026
In
Zou (Zo or Zomi) (ZOM) it’s 848. Sino-Tibetan, Kuki-Chin, spoken by 82,000 in India’s Mizoram and Manipur (Zou) plus north­western Burma where it...
20
 / halah hà
x2026
In
Zulu (ZUL) it’s 849. Bantu, widely spoken in southern Africa, controlled by the Pan South African Language Board. Its...
20­ x2026  
In
Zuni (Zunian) (ZUN) it’s 850. Language isolate spoken and vigorously supported by a reported 9620 Native American inhabitants of Zuni Pueblo...
20­ x2026

Top right: Les Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry, mid-15th century French Gothic illuminations produced in the Low Countries. Months are captioned in two common vernaculars of that time and place, Medieval Picard and Old Dutch. Left and below those, displayed in random order: Mosaic of Alexander the Great from the House of the Faun, Pompeii; rarely seen Suryani script for Harari, formalized and shown with modern Arabic script; Queen Zenobia's Last Look upon Palmyra by Herbert Gustave Schmalz (1889); sketchbook page of medieval Picard artist Villard de Honnecourt (ca. 1230).


Special thanks

Aaniih Nakoda College

academia.edu

Adams, Douglas Q. (Tocharian B)

Adiego, Ignacio J. (Carian)

Aga, Cavid (Udi)

Allen, Lorraine and Ritter, John
(Tutchone varieties)

Ansuharijaz (Frankish and Proto-Germanic reconstructions)

Arka, I Wayan (Rongga)

Atlasova, E.S. (Yukaghir)

Aune, Doreen Sue (Chukchansi)

Barbour, Julie (Neverver)

Barlow, Russell (Ulwa)

Bergelson, Mira; Kibrik, Andrej A.; Leman, Wayne; and Raskladkina, Marina
(Ninilchik Russian)

Biblioteca Nacional del Perú (Asháninka)

Biesik, Florian (Wymysorys)

Bija, Leah “Fifi” (Fuliiru)

Black, Barbara Webster and Friends of Tobi (Tobian)

Blench, Roger (many African languages)

Boborenvanua, Chief Viraleo (Avoiuli script)

Bodosa, Shyamal (Dimasa)

Borna School Dictionary

Boro, Krishna (Hakhun Tangsa)

Bosma, Jelle (Kanada and Sinhala typefaces)

Bouchery, Pascal (Apatani)

Bright, William and Gehr, Susan (Karuk)

Bugenhagen, Salme; Bugenhagen, Robert (Mbula)

Burkova, S.I.; Koshkareva, N.B.; Laptander, R.I.; and Yangasova, N.M. (Nenets)

Can, Dai Quang (Cham)

Carlin (Eithne), Dr. E.B. (Arawakan languages)

Cavid Ağa (Udi)

Cedelio: La casa de las lenguas

Cesarguanolema.files.wordpress.com

Chibirov, Chibirov (Ossetian)

Chin-dictionary.com (Lai Hakha Chin)

Chinookjargon.com

Chirkova, Ekaterina (Shixing)

Coeur d’Alene Tribal School

Coghill, Prof. Eleanor (Semitic languages)

Comrie, Bernard and Maisak, Timur (Bagvalal)

Crow Language Consortium

Crowley, Terry (Austronesian)

Cvc.cervantes.es

Dafrik, Rois (Fula)

Daudey, Henriëtte and Pincuo, Gerong
(Pumi riddles)

Davis, Nancy Yaw, Ph.D. (Zuni)

Desmotsetdeslangues.eklablog.com

Dicofranpro.llm.umontreal.ca

Donner, William W., (Sikaiana)

Dr. Goodword; Mr. Twister; and Daybreakwarrior (foreign tongue-twisters)

Du Bois, Cora (Wintu)

Dunbar, John (Pawnee)

Durmaz, Orkan (Shor)

Elegantlexicon.com

Endangeredlanguages.com

Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia

Fahrenwaldt, Carl Albert
(Unifraktur Maguntia typeface)

Faure, Andrieu (Vivaro-Alpine Occitan)

Firstvoices.com

Fox, Charles E. (Arosi)

French Institute of Oriental Archeology in Cairo (Coptic font)

French National Library (13th century Yiddish)

Fresno State University

Friendsoftobi.org

Gallagher, Steve (Bariai)

Galo Welfare Society

Garth, Thomas R. (Atsugewi)

Gasanova, Marina and Salminat;
Magomedova, Patimat

Gippert, Jost (Old Udi)

Github.com (localizations)

Google Noto (Every free foreign font
you can imagine)

Gray, William (Kwamera)

Green, Reynaldo Dolores Palacio (Miskito)

Guampedia.com (Chamorro)

Guérin, Valérie (Mavea)

Hal.archives-ouvertes.fr

HellenicLanguageBoy (Cappadocian)

Hesquiaht First Nation

Hoskins, Janet (Kodi)

Huber, Juliette (Makalero)

Illa-a.org (Network Solutions)

Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati

Instituto Culturale Mòcheno

Instituto Lingüístico de Verano (Chayahuita)

Iris Iris (Tagalog)

Ivens, Walter George, (Sa‘a and Ulawa)

James, Ian (New Akha script)

Jaimoukha, Amjad (Northwest Caucasian)

Jones, Eliza; Kari, James; Buck, Mildred;
Alaska Native Language Center

Krauss, Michael E., (Eyak)

Journal of the American Oriental Society (Sogdian)

Kante, Solomana (N'Ko script)

Karen [language] Teacher Working Group

Kawnation.com/WebKanza

Kosmynka, Borys (Rashi Hebrew)

Kratochvíl, František and Delpada, Benediktus (Abui)

Kri, Sokhep

Lavrillier, Alexandra and Gabyshev, Semen (Evenki)

Le Projet Babel (Vosgien Lorrain)

Lewis, Orrin (Cherokee)

Lewis, Paul (Akha)

Lex.francois.free.fr

Li, Yong-Sŏng (Shor)

Lin, Ying-Chin (Tibetan, Pumi,
and other Qiangic languages)

Lindstrom, Lamont and People of Samaria Village, Vanuatu (Kwamera)

Lionbridge Technologies Translations

Ma, Seng Mai (Wa)

Magomedova, P.T., (Bagvalal)

Marlett, Stephen A. (Seri)

McCracken, Chelsea Leigh, (Belep)

McWhorter, John H. and Good, Jeff (Saramaccan)

Meankielensanakirja.com

Merrifield, Judith and Merrifield, Scott (Loxrlavu)

Michaud, Alexis (Qiangic languages)

Ministerio de educación, Ecuador (Chimané)

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Mitchell, Ben (Myanmar typeface)

Mossang, Lakhum (Tangsa alphabet)

Mulerasfireplace.com (east African)

Native-languages.org

Ndoko, Mola Mbua (Bakweri)

Ninilchikrussian.com

Nupepa-hawaii.com

Ojibwe.net

Olsen, Neil Hayes (Kơho)

Ombewa, Kefa (Luo Lakeside Script)

Omniglot.com

Oodhamstuff.com

Openaccess.leidenuniv.nl

Openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au

Orkay, Ongaye Oda, (Konso)

Ossetians.com

Overall, Simon E. (Jivaroan)

Pandey, Anshuman (Old Sogdian script)

Patsou’s Des Mots et des Langues

Patterson, Rev. George D.D. (Beothuk)

Pdfs.semanticscholar.org

Peace Corps language handbooks

Penrhyn.cookislandsdictionary.com

Perry, David J. (Cardo typeface)

Peterson, John (Kharia)

Pomorska, Marzanna (Turkic languages)

Postma, Gertjan (Brazilian Pomeranian)

Powell, Jay (Nuuchahnulth)

Pueblo of Zuni

Qinglian Zhao (Naxi)

Rahamasha.net (Sogdian)

Ramamurti, Rao Sahib G.V. (Sora)

Rapanui.gob.cl (Pascuanese)

Rb.rowbory.co.uk (Nigerian languages)

Rebelion.org (Chamí Emberá)

Repozytorium.amu.edu.pl

Robinson, Laura C. (Dupaningan Agta)

Romani.uni-graz.at

Rongmeiencyclopedia.wordpress.com

Rubattu, Antoninu (Sardinian dialects)

Runner, Jennifer (various greetings)

Sahtudec.ca (Sahtu region languages)

San Buenaventura, Fr. Pedro de (Tagalog)

Sárközi, Alice and Ráko, Atilla (Altaica Budapestinensia MMII Proceedings)

Sarlamthe.blogspot.com

Schlichter, Alice (Wintu)

Scholarsbank.uoregon.edu

Scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu

Schrock, Terrill B. (Ik)

Scientistscrossroads.blogspot.com

SEAlang Library (southeast Asian languages)

Servicio de Información Mesoamericano

SIL.org

Simon Fraser University (B.C.)

Simon, I.M. (Aka)

Sino-platonic.org

Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus

Smelcer, Dr. John (Native Alaskan languages)

Smith, Tony (Muyang)

Soja, Rai (Puroik)

Sorokina, I.P. and Bolina, D.S. (Enets)

Souvenir calendar publishers (many)

Stanonik, Marija (Resian)

Steckley, John L. (Native American languages)

Stkhofifah.wordpress (Kingdom of Goa)

Swarthmore Talking Dictionary (Kharia,
Hruso, etc.)

Taiuru, Karaitiana (Maori)

Tang, Apay (Truku dialect of Seediq)

Tarumian, Ruben (Arian AMU Serif
Armenian font)

Teachers Pay Teachers (Gamilaraay)

Teil, Erster, Slovinzisches Wörterbuch 1908

Thomas, Neil L. (Gaulish)

Tomedes — Smart Human Translation

Tregear, Edward (Mangarevan)

Tsumada.ru (Languages of Dagestan)

Tusaalanga.ca (Inuktitut languages)

UC Berkeley Linguistics Dept.

University of Alaska Fairbanks

University of Helsinki Digital Repository

University of Northern British Columbia

Uriarte, Joseba Santxo (Basque)

Van der Wal Anonby, Christina (Kumzari)

Veder, William and Kempgen, Sebastian (Bukyvede Glagolitic and Old Cyrillic)

Vlaski-zejanski.com (Istro-Romanian-Croatian)

Weryackwe, Suzanne (Havasupai-Hualapai)

Wichmann, Søren; Müller, André;
and Velupillai, Viveka

Wiegel, Peter (Gaelige typeface)

Williams, David (Sora Sompeng typeface)

Williams, Lee R, Ph.D.

Your Friend In Reykjavik



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